Extracts from Almond ( Terminalia catappa ) leaf and stem bark mitigate the activities of crucial enzymes and oxidative stress associated with hypertension in cyclosporine A‐stressed rats

Abstract

We investigated the effect of extracts from the leaf (ALE) and stem bark (ABE) of Almond tree on activities of some crucial enzymes [angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (ACE), arginase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5), adenosine deaminase (ADA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase], and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) associated with hypertension in normal adult male Wistar albino rats and Cyclosporine A (CsA)-stressed rats. The result revealed that CsAstressed rats treated with captopril and extracts (ALE and ABE) had lowered ACE, arginase, AChE, PDE-5, ADA activities, and TBARS level, coupled with improved SOD and catalase activities compared with untreated CsA-stressed rats, which had reversed these biochemicals compared to normal rats. This suggests that the extracts could be explored to suppress hypertension and other cardiac injury known with CsA treatment; the potentials that could be linked with the constituent polyphenols. However, further studies including blood pressure should be determined to ascertain this claim. Practical applications Drug-induced cardiotoxicity, hypertension, and organ damage are among the most common side effects of pharmaceutics. Therefore, it becomes imperative to find natural, effective, and alternative therapy with little or no side effect to combat drug toxicity. The use of Almond (leaf and stem bark) in folklore for the treatment/management of hypertension and other heart-related diseases without full scientific basis is on the increase. Hence, this study provides some biochemical evidences on the effect of Almond leaf and stem back extracts on crucial enzymes and oxidative stress markers involve in the incidence of hypertension in the course of Cyclosporine A administration. The findings of this study indicated that the studied plant materials could be promoted as nutraceutical agents to neutralize drug-induced cardiac injury and hypertension.

Citrus spp . essential oils improve behavioral pattern, repressed cholinesterases and monoamine oxidase activities, and production of reactive species in fruit fly ( Drosophila melanogaster ) model of Alzheimer’s Disease

“…H2O2 consumed/mg protein (Shina, 1972). The total thiol level in the tissue homogenate was determined following the modified method of Ellman (1959) as described by Dada et al (2020).…”

“…as described byDada et al (2020).Finally, the chemical composition of the CPEOs were analyzed using Hewlett-Packard 5890 model of gas chromatograph, couple F I G U R E 4 Effect of dietary inclusions of essential oil derived from lemon (C. limon) and tangerine (C. reticulate) peels on total thiol level in (a) HarwichD. melanogasterand (b) transgenicD.…”

Persea americana seed extract restores defective sperm quality and biochemical parameters relevant to reproduction in male wistar rats treated with cyclosporine A

“…An ideal herbal medicine for treating infertility must possess high an- with the antioxidant effect of the extract. The polyphenols and flavonoids (rutins, epicatechin, and quercetin) present in this extract have the ability to scavenge free radicals, reduce oxidative stress and also increase the activity of antioxidants (Dada et al, 2020). The improvement effect could also be a result of tocopherols; they have a potent antioxidant effect, neutralize free radicals, and also inhibit Nitric oxide (NO) is a major gas and plays an important role in the stimulation and rigidity process of the penile tissue (Oyeleye et al, 2020).…”

“…Arginine is a common substrate for arginase and nitric oxide synthase (Oboh et al, 2017). There is a competition for this substrate between the nitric oxide synthase and the arginase (Dada et al, 2020). A reduction in the activity of NO synthase will lead to an increase in the activity of arginase and their activities are regulated reciprocally (Oboh et al, 2019).…”

“…An increase in the arginase activity is due to the ability of arginase to thrive in an overwhelmed oxidative stress (Dada et al, 2020).…”