Extraordinary boulder transport by storm waves (west of Ireland, winter 2013–2014), and criteria for analysing coastal boulder deposits

Cox, Rónadh; Jahn, Kalle L.; Watkins, Oona G.; Cox, Peter W

doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.12.014

Cited by 93 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…Furthermore, the methodology could be extended to use in the supratidal zone for the long-term monitoring of cliff-top boulder deposits such as those identified by Autret et al (2018) and Cox et al (2018). Furthermore, the methodology could be extended to use in the supratidal zone for the long-term monitoring of cliff-top boulder deposits such as those identified by Autret et al (2018) and Cox et al (2018).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A waterproof, silicon-based sealant (Evo-Stik Wet grab) was injected into the hole, filling to approximately 75%. Such events can be inferred by algal growth on a boulder's underside (Knight et al, 2009), by the presence of biotic indicators (Mastronuzzi and Sansò, 2004) or using comparative photographic evidence (Cox et al, 2018). This was based on the increased read range of the tags positioned in this manner, as identified in Table II.…”

Section: Platform Top (Unconstrained)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intertidal boulder transport: A proposed methodology adopting Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology to quantify storm induced boulder mobility

Hastewell

Schaefer

Bray

et al. 2018

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Boulder transport is an area of growing interest to coastal scientists as a means of improving our understanding of the complex interactions between extreme wave activity and the evolution of rocky coasts. However, our knowledge of the response of intertidal boulder deposits to contemporary storm events remains limited due to a lack of quantifiable field‐based evidence. We address this by presenting a methodology incorporating Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tagging and Differential Global Positioning Navigation Satellite System (DGNSS) technology to monitor and accurately quantify the displacement of RFID tagged boulders resulting from storm wave activity. Based on preliminary findings we highlight the suitability of the technology and methodology to better understand the spatial and temporal response of intertidal boulders to contemporary storm events. We inserted RFID tags in 104 limestone boulders (intermediate axes from 0.27 to 2.85 m) across a range of morphogenic settings at two sites on the intertidal shore platforms at Bembridge, Isle of Wight (UK). Fifteen topographic surveys were conducted between July 2015 and May 2017 to relocate and record tagged boulder locations (tag recovery rate: 91%). The relocated boulder coordinate data from both sites identified 164 individual transport events in 63% of the tagged boulder array amounting to 184.6 m of transport, including the displacement of a boulder weighing more than 10 tonnes. Incidents of boulder quarrying and overturning during transport were also recorded, demonstrating that despite the relatively sheltered location, intertidal boulders are created and regularly transported under moderate storm conditions. This suggests that contemporary storm events have a greater propensity to mobilise boulders in the intertidal range than has previously been realised. Consequently, by documenting our methodology we provide guidance to others and promote further use of RFID technology to enable new hypotheses on boulder transport to be tested in a range of field settings and wave regimes. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Platform Top (Unconstrained)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Intertidal boulder transport: A proposed methodology adopting Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology to quantify storm induced boulder mobility

Hastewell

Schaefer

Bray

et al. 2018

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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“…Mastronuzzi & Sanso, ; Bryant & Nott, ; Bryant, ). However, this hypothesis has been rejected by several authors (Williams & Hall, ; Hall et al ., ; Hansom et al ., ; Hansom & Hall, ; Etienne & Paris, ; Hall, ; Cox et al ., ). Studies of present boulder fields have proven that the occurrence of imbricated quarried blocks, sited at altitudes not accessed by normal wave activity, is not exclusively tsunamigenic (Hansom et al ., ; Cox et al ., ).…”

Section: Storm or Tsunami Waves?mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…However, the quarrying and transport of large blocks by extreme waves at elevations well above sea level has long been recognized in several parts of the world, such as Ireland (Williams & Hall, ), Iceland (Etienne & Paris, ), southern Italy (Mastronuzzi & Sanso, ), Portugal (Scheffers & Kelletat, ; Kortekaas & Dawson, ), Australia (Bryant et al ., ; Young et al ., ; Nott, ; Bryant & Nott, ; Switzer & Burston, ) or the Caribbean (Scheffers, ). Lately, this topic has received great scientific attention and an open debate exists over the role of tsunami and/or storm waves in the formation of boulder accumulations on cliffs (May et al ., ; Cox et al ., , ; Kennedy et al ., ) and their diagnostic signatures (Williams & Hall, ; Kortekaas & Dawson, ; Kelletat, ; Barbano et al ., ; Etienne & Paris, ; Switzer & Burston, ).…”

Section: Storm or Tsunami Waves?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This setting is different from those referred to by Cox et al . () as favourable for extreme storm waves, characterized by cliffs, open ocean and deep water exposure. In the study area, the fair‐weather wave regime as well as the storm waves coming from west/south‐west experience significant attenuation, diffraction and refraction while they advance into the bay.…”

Section: Storm or Tsunami Waves?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coastal boulder deposit as evidence of an ocean‐wide prehistoric tsunami originated on the Atacama Desert coast (northern Chile)

et al. 2019

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A Late Holocene cliff‐top deposit of large boulders well above the limits of modern storm waves is described from the southern coast of the Atacama Desert (northern Chile). The largest moved boulder weighs >40 t and field data point to a flood height >18·5 m above high tide level and an inland penetration greater than 284 m from the cliff edge. The minimum flow velocity needed for particle entrainment was estimated as 10·1 ms−1 and the most likely processes of sediment deposition for different boulders were deduced. The boulder distribution, sorting and orientation of imbricated debris, together with the significant wave height of extreme storms reported and the occurrence of interplate earthquakes in the study area indicate that the deposit records a single event, interpreted here as a tsunami wave train rather than exceptional storm waves. The boulder field was dated to between the 13th and the 16th Centuries ce and possibly correlates with the 1420 Oei orphan tsunami, that affected the eastern coast of Japan. A magnitude of 8·8 to 9·4 has been estimated for the earthquake, which may be one of the larger events of a super‐cycle of earthquakes in the southern Atacama Desert. These cycle‐ending earthquakes involve large rupture areas (lengths in excess of 600 km) and highly destructive ocean‐wide tsunamigenic events.

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Fundamentals of Water Waves

Kennedy

2019

Encyclopedia of Water

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Water waves may be found on almost any water body and are active across length scales ranging from millimeters to hundreds of kilometers. Wind‐generated waves can have great variations in height, with significant heights approaching 20 m in very strong storms, to glassy sea conditions in low winds. Although waves appear quite complex, many of their fundamental processes may be described by relatively simple relations between water depth, wave period, length, and height. Wave generation by wind may, in straightforward conditions, be related to wind strength, water depth, and open water fetch in easily predictable ways. Arising from these differences, water waves have quite different heights at different locations. Waves can act to rearrange coastlines both quickly during storms, and over centuries and millennia from the accumulated transport of sediment. These can generate quite complex landforms that depend almost entirely on wave strength and direction. Natural wave‐sediment processes are often interrupted by human activities on the coastline, and these interactions can lead to expensive and damaging erosional problems.

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Extraordinary boulder transport by storm waves (west of Ireland, winter 2013–2014), and criteria for analysing coastal boulder deposits

Cited by 93 publications

References 89 publications

Intertidal boulder transport: A proposed methodology adopting Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology to quantify storm induced boulder mobility

Intertidal boulder transport: A proposed methodology adopting Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology to quantify storm induced boulder mobility

Coastal boulder deposit as evidence of an ocean‐wide prehistoric tsunami originated on the Atacama Desert coast (northern Chile)

Fundamentals of Water Waves

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