Eye Movement and Pupil Measures: A Review

Abstract

Our subjective visual experiences involve complex interaction between our eyes, our brain, and the surrounding world. It gives us the sense of sight, color, stereopsis, distance, pattern recognition, motor coordination, and more. The increasing ubiquity of gaze-aware technology brings with it the ability to track gaze and pupil measures with varying degrees of fidelity. With this in mind, a review that considers the various gaze measures becomes increasingly relevant, especially considering our ability to make sense of these signals given different spatio-temporal sampling capacities. In this paper, we selectively review prior work on eye movements and pupil measures. We first describe the main oculomotor events studied in the literature, and their characteristics exploited by different measures. Next, we review various eye movement and pupil measures from prior literature. Finally, we discuss our observations based on applications of these measures, the benefits and practical challenges involving these measures, and our recommendations on future eye-tracking research directions.

Advances in Materials, Sensors, and Integrated Systems for Monitoring Eye Movements

“…Eye tracking glasses are infrared sensors and camera-integrated portable devices that can be easy to wear [ 172 ], as shown in Figure 14 b. This unique platform allows the user to move freely with the head unit’s discretion and freedom for natural head movement [ 160 ].…”

Next Generation Cognition-Aware Hearing Aid Devices With Microwave Sensors: Opportunities and Challenges

“…However, some studies indicated the opposite by correlating longer eye fixation with low cognitive stress [95]. Other than eye fixation, rapid eye movement is linked to high visual load and thus associated with higher cognitive load [96]. A high cognitive load state is also linked to more frequent eye blinking [97].…”

Análise do movimento ocular em tarefas de memória associativa no diagnóstico precoce da Doença de Alzheimer

“…Neste método, as áreas destacadas representam uma maior frequência ou probabilidade de localização das fixações. Nesta análise, a ordem das visitas e fixações não é considerada, mas sim a distribuição espacial desses parâmetros (Mahanama et al, 2022). A análise dos mapas de calor é especialmente útil na quando se analisa as regiões da cena visual a que os participantes dedicaram maior atenção (Snider et al, 2021).…”

“…Fixations refer to the subject's vision focused on a point in space over time. Different fixation characteristics can be measured, such as duration, count, and rate [6,7]. Using these oculomotor parameters, approaches focused on high-order cognitive functions (cognitive demand) have established fixation duration and pupil response as relevant tools for assessing attention, memory, and processing load.…”

“…Os contatos foram feitos inicialmente por telefone e, em seguida, por e-mail. Os interessados foram convidados a responder um questionário em que se analisavam6 National Institute of Neurologic, Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders Association 7. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, IV edition.…”