Eye movements in cocaine abusers

Demer, Joseph L.; Volkow, Nora D.; Ulrich, Imogen; Krajewski, Kenneth; Davis, Charlotte; Porter, Franklin I.

doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90027-9

Cited by 18 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In addition to promoting habitual action strategies, prior experience with drugs such as alcohol or cocaine has been shown to disrupt updating of actions in response to rule changes, for example, in reversal learning or attentional set shifting tasks (Calu et al, 2007; Crews et al, 2019; Dannenhoffer et al, 2021; Demer et al, 1989; Gould et al, 2012; Izquierdo and Jentsch, 2012; Kantak, 2020; Kromrey et al, 2015; Porter et al, 2011; Shnitko et al, 2020; Zhukovsky et al, 2019), and poorer baseline performance in cognitive flexibility tasks has been correlated with later risk for high levels of drug consumption (Grant et al, 2021; Melugin et al, 2021; Shnitko et al, 2019). We assessed the effect of disrupting mGlu 2 function in Emx1 -lineage neurons in a deterministic reversal learning paradigm that requires the mouse to discriminate between an active and inactive lever based on the lever’s position in the chamber (acquisition phase), then update its lever choice after a reversal of the lever-outcome contingency.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of behavioral flexibility in mice with conditional deletion of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 fromEmx1-lineage neurons

Chang,

Littlepage-Saunders,

Hochstein

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Convergent lines of evidence from animal models suggest that disrupted metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2) function promotes high levels of drug consumption for a variety of psychoactive drugs including alcohol, opioids, and psychostimulants. In both rodents and humans, impaired behavioral flexibility prior to first drug use correlates with high levels of drug consumption later in life. Thus, we posited that deletion of mGlu2 from brain regions that contribute to behavioral flexibility, including cortical regions, could predispose animals to high levels of drug consumption by impairing behavioral flexibility. To evaluate the role of mGlu2 in behavioral flexibility, we generated mice with a floxed Grm2 allele (Grm2f/f) and selectively disrupted mGlu2 expression in neurons of the Emx1 lineage (primarily telencephalonic projection neurons) by crossing these mice with an Emx1-IRES-Cre driver line. Behavioral flexibility, including sensitivity to change in either outcome value or action-outcome contingency, was evaluated in adult male and female mice trained to press a lever for a food reinforcer. Contrary to our hypothesis, mGlu2 deletion did not facilitate habitual responding assessed by devaluation, contingency degradation, or omission tests. Male Grm2f/f;Emx1-IRES-Cre+/- mice showed modest impairment in reversal learning compared with littermate controls. Finally, we saw a sex-specific effect of mGlu2 deletion on response vigor in male mice trained on a random ratio reinforcement schedule. However, we did not find evidence of a general reduction in motivation in a progressive ratio test. These findings suggest that loss of mGlu2 from cortical circuitry is unlikely to create a predisposition to inflexible behavior that facilitates excessive drug consumption.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of behavioral flexibility in mice with conditional deletion of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 fromEmx1-lineage neurons

Chang,

Littlepage-Saunders,

Hochstein

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Subjects with vestibulopathy underwent conventional caloric and rotational testing to verify loss of function as previously described 18 . Subjects with unilateral vestibulopathy lacked ipsilesional caloric responsiveness, except for subject 4, whose ipsilesional response was less than 50% that of the average control subject.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Vestibular and Cerebellar Deficits on Gaze and Torso Stability During Ambulation

Crane

Demer

2000

Otolaryngol.--head neck surg.

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We measured gaze, head, and torso stability during ambulation to determine how vestibulo-ocular reflex dysfunction caused by unilateral vestibulopathy, bilateral vestibulopathy, and cerebellar dysfunction might affect image stabilization on the retina. Subjects were tested during standing, walking, and running on a treadmill. Gaze velocity, vestibulo-ocular reflex gain, and head velocities were calculated from angular positions of the eye and head, as well as linear positions of the head and trunk. Mean gaze velocity with a visible, distant target was below 4 degrees /second for all measurement conditions in control and vestibulopathic subjects. The performance of unilaterally vestibulopathic subjects was indistinguishable from that of control subjects except that the former had less vertical translation during walking. Bilaterally vestibulopathic subjects demonstrated less head translation than control subjects but had higher gaze velocity. In subjects with cerebellar dysfunction, gaze velocity was elevated by pathologic nystagmus, but head movements were similar to those of control subjects.

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“…Prior experimentation has examined eye movements in cocaine dependent subjects (Demer et al, 1989). Studies that have investigated saccades within this population were limited to visual scanning paradigms (Rosse et al, 1997.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%