Eye-Tracking Assistive Technologies for Individuals With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Abstract

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known as ALS, is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, resulting in the loss of muscle control. For individuals with ALS, where mobility is limited to the movement of the eyes, the use of eye-tracking-based applications can be applied to achieve some basic tasks with certain digital interfaces. This paper presents a review of existing eye-tracking software and hardware through which eye-tracking their application is sketched as an assistive technology to cope with ALS. Eye-tracking also provides a suitable alternative as control of game elements. Furthermore, artificial intelligence has been utilized to improve eye-tracking technology with significant improvement in calibration and accuracy. Gaps in literature are highlighted in the study to offer a direction for future research.

Adapting to progressive paralysis: A tongue-brain hybrid robot interface for individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

“…Several autonomous and semi-autonomous eyetracking control schemes have been proposed [14], [15], [55]. However, the accuracy of eye-tracking may decreaser for certain eye-types and/or because of disturbances caused glasses or contact lenses [56]. Furthermore, while eye-tracking can provide the system with a directional pointer, it lacks the possibility of providing a go command (similar to a computermouse without any buttons).…”

WearROBOT: An Energy Conservative Wearable Obstacle Detection Robot With LP Multi-Commodity Graph

“…Similarly, a haptic AT was developed for the visually impaired considering Braille reading, tactile graphics, orientation, and mobility [31]. Other related efforts were studied in Gaussian hidden Markov model [32], locomotion recognition algorithm [33], three-dimensional (3D)-printed multifunctional hand device (3DP-MFHD) [34], eye-tracking assistive [35], unsupervised sim-to-real adaptation [36]. The major gap is that most works lack details on the effect of angle positioning on distance while keeping the energy absorbed constant.…”

Classification Techniques for Arrhythmia Patterns Using Convolutional Neural Networks and Internet of Things (IoT) Devices

“…R ECENT advances in technology have enabled a synergy between wireless technology and healthcare providing accessibility benefits beyond the limitation of the traditional healthcare systems, such as enhanced quality support in medical services and agile response for medical intervention [1]- [3]. Specifically, the Internet of Things (IoT) is simplifying the way the parameters and variables are captured in realtime.…”

“…Leveraging the IoT in healthcare can have a significant impact on early diagnosis and intervention in some terminal illnesses, such as heart diseases, and decrease the mortality rate [8]. Eysenbach et al [9] indicated that the telemedicine helped reduce the number of in-hospital admissions of the patients with diseases related to lungs, heart and stroke; hence a considerable decrease in mortality [3]. According to Ebrahimi et al [10], cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the principal reason for human death, answerable for 31 % of the deaths in 2016, at least, about 17.9 million people died from heart disease in 2016, a 31 % of all global deaths.…”