Eye-tracking in map use, map user and map usability research: what are we looking for?

Fairbairn, David; Hepburn, Jess

doi:10.1080/23729333.2023.2189064

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Tracking eye movements provides insights into the observer's attention path, offering valuable information about their interests and clues about their perception of the viewed scene [52]. From several eye movement metrics, cartographic studies often employ fixations, saccades, smooth pursuit, and pupil size [53][54][55].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animating Cartographic Meaning: Unveiling the Impact of Pictorial Symbol Motion Speed in Preattentive Processing

Cybulski

2024

IJGI

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The primary objective of this study is to assess how the motion of dynamic point symbols impacts preattentive processing on a map. Specifically, it involves identifying the motion velocity parameters for cartographic animated pictorial symbols that contribute to the preattentive perception of the target symbols. We created five pictorial symbols, each accompanied by a unique animation tailored to convey the meaning associated with each symbol. The animation dynamics of symbols on the administrative map were distributed across arithmetic, logarithmic, and exponential scales. Eye-tracking technology was utilized to explain the user’s visual attention. The key findings reveal that, although movement does not uniformly hold the same designation in cartographic communication, it could guide user attention to identify the value peaks in quantitative map visualization. Motion velocity enhances the salience of animated symbols, making them stand out, not only against static elements but also against other animated distractors. Additionally, motion distributions between symbol classes based on exponential or arithmetic scales were identified as the most successful. Nevertheless, certain types of motion, such as rotational, do not perform well with pictorial symbols, even on the most effective motion distribution scale.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animating Cartographic Meaning: Unveiling the Impact of Pictorial Symbol Motion Speed in Preattentive Processing

Cybulski

2024

IJGI

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“…Eye trackers may become ubiquitous sensors, leading to pervasive, gaze-based HCIs in the future. However, gaze interaction remains an ongoing research area [14,15]. Evidence of gaze adaptation application to raster map interpretation is rare.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Usability of a Gaze-Adaptive Approach for Identifying and Comparing Raster Values between Multilayers

Zhang,

Liao,

Huang

et al. 2023

IJGI

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Raster maps provide intuitive visualizations of remote sensing data representing various phenomena on the Earth’s surface. Reading raster maps with intricate information requires a high cognitive workload, especially when it is necessary to identify and compare values between multiple layers. In traditional methods, users need to repeatedly move their mouse and switch their visual focus between the map content and legend to interpret various grid value meanings. Such methods are ineffective and may lead to the loss of visual context for users. In this research, we aim to explore the potential benefits and drawbacks of gaze-adaptive interactions when interpreting raster maps. We focus on the usability of the use of low-cost eye trackers on gaze-based interactions. We designed two gaze-adaptive methods, gaze fixed and gaze dynamic adaptations, for identifying and comparing raster values between multilayers. In both methods, the grid content of different layers is adaptively adjusted depending on the user’s visual focus. We then conducted a user experiment by comparing such adaptation methods with a mouse dynamic adaptation method and a traditional method. Thirty-one participants (n = 31) were asked to complete a series of single-layer identification and multilayer comparison tasks. The results indicated that although gaze interaction with adaptive legends confused participants in single-layer identification, it improved multilayer comparison efficiency and effectiveness. The gaze-adaptive approach was well received by the participants overall, but was also perceived to be distracting and insensitive. By analyzing the participants’ eye movement data, we found that different methods exhibited significant differences in visual behaviors. The results are helpful for gaze-driven adaptation research in (geo)visualization in the future.

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Visualising Transformations of Geographical Time–Space by Transport Systems. The Case of Germany, 1990–2020

Moser,

Wenner,

L’Hostis

2023

KN J. Cartogr. Geogr. Inf.

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By accelerating the overcoming of space on certain relations, transport systems alter the accessibility of places and distort geographical time–space. Particularly in the case of discontinuous and tiered transport systems such as (high-speed) rail networks, effects on time–space can be highly selective and difficult to visualise. This paper compares different methods of operationalisation and visualisation of the effects of new transport systems (infrastructures and services) on time–space, and examines their strengths and weaknesses, using the example of the evolution of the German rail network between 1990 and 2020. The methods are well-known ones such as isochrones, choropleths using measures from network theory, anamorphosis (cartograms) and less-known ones as spring maps and the shrivelling model. For the examination of the readability of the methods, we present relevant properties for time–space maps. The results suggest that conventional methods are simpler to interpret, but fail to convey certain properties, while less frequently used methods may be better at incorporating the properties at the cost of being more difficult to read.

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Eye-tracking in map use, map user and map usability research: what are we looking for?

Cited by 7 publications

References 65 publications

Animating Cartographic Meaning: Unveiling the Impact of Pictorial Symbol Motion Speed in Preattentive Processing

Animating Cartographic Meaning: Unveiling the Impact of Pictorial Symbol Motion Speed in Preattentive Processing

Evaluating the Usability of a Gaze-Adaptive Approach for Identifying and Comparing Raster Values between Multilayers

Visualising Transformations of Geographical Time–Space by Transport Systems. The Case of Germany, 1990–2020

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