Urine, as a potential biomarker source among the body fluids, can accumulate many changes in the body due to the lack of a mechanism to maintain a homeostatic state. Previous studies have demonstrated that proteomic technology can find many potential biomarkers to reflect different diseases in the urine.This study aims to detect early changes in the urinary proteome in a rat liver tumor model. The tumor model was established with the Walker-256 carcinosarcoma cell line (W256). Compared to before the injection, ninety-five differential proteins were significantly changed in the experimental rats. At day 3, twelve proteins were identified in the absence of pathological changes, and four of them were altered at all four time-points (B2MG, VCAM1, HA11, and LG3BP). Seven had previously been associated with liver cancer. At day 5, fifty-two differential proteins were identified. At day 7 and day 11, there was a significant decrease in the body weight of the rats, and tumor tissue was observed in the liver. Fifty-two and forty differential proteins were changed significantly at day 7 and day 11, respectively. Of the proteins that were identified at these three time-points, and twenty-four were reported to be associated with liver cancer. Comparing the differential urinary proteins and biological processes of liver tumor model with those in different models of W256 grown in other organs, specific differential protein patterns were found among the four models, which indicates that the differential urinary proteins can reflect the differences when the same tumor cell grown in different organs.Significance: This study demonstrated that (1) the rat liver tumor model caused early changes in urinary proteins may give new insight into the early diagnosis of liver cancer; (2) the same tumor cell grown in different organs can be reflected in differential urinary proteins.All rats were housed under a standard 12-h light/12-h dark cycle, and the room temperature and humidity were maintained at a standard level (22 ± 1 °C, 65-70%).
Tumor cell line and CultureWalker 256 tumor cells were cultured in the ascitic fluid of Wistar rats. All cells were harvested from the rats who were given an intraperitoneal injection of 107 Walker 256 carcinoma cells after two cycles of 7 d cell passage. Then, W256 cells were resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) before injection. The viability of the cells was detected by the Trypan blue exclusion test using a Neubauer chamber.
Rat models of liver cancerA tumor-bearing animal model was established in this study. All Wistar rats were randomly divided into different groups: the control group (n =5), and the Walker-256 (W256) tumor-bearing group (n =12).After anesthesia, the left medial lobe of the liver was exposed. W256 cells (2.5× 10 5 ) were visually injected under the hepatic capsule into this lobe. The injection volume is 0.1 ml. An equal volume of PBS was also injected into the same location of the control rats.
Histological analysisIn the W256 model, the livers of the experimental and cont...