Fabrication of CeO2 microspheres by internal gelation process using T junction droplet generator

Yadav, Satyajeet; Gaikwad, Ganesh; Chaturvedi, Animesh; Ananthasivan, K.; Pandit, Aniruddha B.; Jain, Rekha

doi:10.1007/s43153-021-00214-2

Cited by 2 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Scanning electron microscope (SEM) of sintered CeO 2 microspheres. (A) Microspheres (scale is 500 μm), (B) single microsphere (scale is 100 μm), and (C) porous surface exhibition (scale is 20 μm) [ 13 ] …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The time required for the required thermal energy transfer and the gelation of the droplet has been derived in our previous work. [ 13 ]

t_{1} goodbreak= \frac{(ρ_{Microsphere} \frac{π}{6} {D_{p}}^{3}) \times ([], \int_{273.15}^{T_{Gelation}} {(italicCp)}_{Microsphere} italicdT goodbreak+ (4.186 λ_{Gelation}))}{h \times π {D_{p}}^{2} \times T_{Gelation}}

For droplets with diameters of 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 μm, the film heat transfer coefficients are remarkably low. With the use of Equation (), we can determine how long it takes for heat to travel through a film of silicone oil around droplets of 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 μm in size; these results are tabulated in Table 2.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The entire mechanism of the HMTA reaction has been comprehensively explained in our previous study on the Tjunction droplet generator. [13] The reaction with HMTA takes place in two steps. [39,40] HMTA protonation…”

Section: The Hmta Decomposition Reaction and Its Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The O H stretching vibrations of H 2 O in the sample are attributed to the large F I G U R E 9 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) of sintered CeO 2 microspheres. (A) Microspheres (scale is 500 μm), (B) single microsphere (scale is 100 μm), and (C) porous surface exhibition (scale is 20 μm) [13] absorption peak at 3000 cm À1 . Physically adsorbed water molecules are shown by the bands at 1737 and 1365 cm À1 .…”

Section: Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (Ftir)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maximum smear densities of 62% of theoretical density can be obtained with Vibro‐compaction of a single size fraction of sphere‐pac fuel; smear densities of 80%–85% can be obtained with two size fractions; and smear densities of 91%–95% can be achieved with three size fractions. [ 13 ] Dimensional and surface fault tolerances for microspheres used in the sphere‐pac fuel pin are extremely tight. For a typical fast breeder reactor, the required diameter of the wet microspheres for the fabrication of sphere‐packed fuel pin was around 400 and 2100 μm (which may shrink to 100 and 700 μm, respectively, after subsequent washing and heat treatment steps).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fabrication of CeO₂ microspheres by internal gelation process using flow‐focusing droplet generator

et al. 2023

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Sphere‐pac fuel is an alternative nuclear fuel technology in which microspheres of two or more sizes are utilized to fill the cladding tube in place of the more conventional single‐size fuel pellets. This provides leeway for adjusting the fuel pellet packing density and resulting cladding tube porosity. The current investigation makes use of a flow‐focusing droplet generator made from stainless steel (S.S.) 316 L, with a channel internal diameter (I.D.) of 0.5, 0.8, 1, and 3 mm. These microspheres were supposed to be of actinide oxide but here, cerium has been chosen as a surrogate of plutonium. Detailed information about the flow‐focusing droplet generator, internal gelation process, and sphere‐pac fuel has been provided. The size and size distribution of ceria microspheres were investigated by varying the flow rates of the continuous and dispersed phase. The characterization of ceria microspheres has been conducted using techniques such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses. The size of prepared monodisperse microspheres was controlled precisely (within ±2%) in the range of 498–2888 μm using four S.S. 316 L flow‐focusing droplet generators with channel I.D. 0.5, 0.8, 1, and 3 mm, respectively, and the coefficient of variation of the size distribution was found to be less than 2%.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The time required for the required thermal energy transfer and the gelation of the droplet has been derived in our previous work. [ 13 ]

t_{1} goodbreak= \frac{(ρ_{Microsphere} \frac{π}{6} {D_{p}}^{3}) \times ([], \int_{273.15}^{T_{Gelation}} {(italicCp)}_{Microsphere} italicdT goodbreak+ (4.186 λ_{Gelation}))}{h \times π {D_{p}}^{2} \times T_{Gelation}}

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Hmta Decomposition Reaction and Its Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (Ftir)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fabrication of CeO₂ microspheres by internal gelation process using flow‐focusing droplet generator

et al. 2023

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Experimental Studies and Condition Monitoring of Auxiliary Processes in the Production of Al2O3 by Sol–Gel Technology

et al. 2022

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Powders and granules of heavy metal oxides produced through condition monitoring are in high demand as intermediate products for obtaining fine-grained ceramics for a wide range of applications, i.e., nuclear fuel and fuel elements for nuclear power plants. Sol–gel technology to produce nuclear fuel (UO2), as well as catalysts (ThO2) for organic synthesis in the form of granules from pressed microspheres, is a promising method to obtain powders and granules of heavy metal oxides (fine-graded ceramics). Al2O3 was selected as the model analog at the stages of obtaining a solution of heavy metal and sol, the formation and gelation of droplets, and the preparation of gel spheres and their further washing and drying, as well as recovery and firing of particles. In the study, the main parameters were substantiated, e.g., the diameter and angle of inclination of the axis for the holes in the perforated shell, the multiplicity of sol circulation before the holes, the coefficients of liquid (sol) flow rate, the oscillation frequency of the disperser, and the concentration of surfactant and acid in sol. All of these parameters affect the characteristics of the granules that are obtained by sol–gel technology. Moreover, recommendations to increase productivity and the energy efficiency of production were also given. In particular, it was found that oscillation frequency in a range of 70–80 Hz leads to a granulometric composition of the obtained granules of 2.0–2.2 mm. A hole of 0.85 mm and a frequency of 100 Hz slightly change this range to 1.2–2.0 mm, while maintaining monodispersity.

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Fabrication of CeO2 microspheres by internal gelation process using T junction droplet generator

Cited by 2 publications

References 50 publications

Fabrication of CeO₂ microspheres by internal gelation process using flow‐focusing droplet generator

Fabrication of CeO₂ microspheres by internal gelation process using flow‐focusing droplet generator

Experimental Studies and Condition Monitoring of Auxiliary Processes in the Production of Al2O3 by Sol–Gel Technology

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Fabrication of CeO2 microspheres by internal gelation process using T junction droplet generator

Cited by 2 publications

References 50 publications

Fabrication of CeO2 microspheres by internal gelation process using flow‐focusing droplet generator

Fabrication of CeO2 microspheres by internal gelation process using flow‐focusing droplet generator

Experimental Studies and Condition Monitoring of Auxiliary Processes in the Production of Al2O3 by Sol–Gel Technology

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Fabrication of CeO₂ microspheres by internal gelation process using flow‐focusing droplet generator

Fabrication of CeO₂ microspheres by internal gelation process using flow‐focusing droplet generator