Fabrication of SnS/TiO₂@GO Composite Coated Glassy Carbon Electrode for Concomitant Determination of Paracetamol, Tryptophan, and Caffeine in Pharmaceutical Formulations

Abstract

Designing an electrochemical sensor which is simple, cheap, sensitive, fast, and accurate is inevitable, as it is important in drug quality control, point-of-care diagnosis, and other clinical studies. Sensors for simultaneous determination of paracetamol, tryptophan, and caffeine have not been reported so far, and we report an electrochemical sensor via incorporating tin sulfide (SnS) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) on graphene oxide (GO) sheets (SnS/TiO 2 @GO ternary composite) for their separate and simultaneous determination through cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques. The surface morphology and structural properties of the composite were characterized by analytical techniques. The electrochemical study of SnS/TiO 2 @GO composite modified glassy carbon electrode (GC-SnS/TiO 2 @GO) showed high activity toward the oxidation of paracetamol, tryptophan, and caffeine with significant decrease in overpotential due to large surface and high carrier mobility. The peak currents during separate determination of paracetamol, tryptophan, and caffeine increased linearly with the increase in concentration from 9.8 nM to 280 μM for paracetamol, from 13.3 nM to 157 μM for tryptophan, and from 16.6 nM to 333 μM for caffeine. The detection limit (3σ/S) was 7.5, 7.8, and 4.4 nM for paracetamol, tryptophan, and caffeine, respectively. The electron transfer coefficient (α), surface coverage concentration (Γ), number of electrons transferred (n), and diffusion coefficient (D) were calculated and discussed. The fabricated electrode showed low detection limit, wide linear range, and excellent reproducibility, selectivity, and stability. The study was also extended to the analysis of commercial tablets, beverage and human blood serum.Therefore, the present electrode holds great promise for identification and quantification of drugs in combination.

AgNP‐decorated SBA‐15 for MWCNT Paste Modified Electrode: A Sensor for Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Paracetamol and Sulfamethoxazole

“…These values are close to the Nernst equation value (0.059 V pH −1 ), indicating that the oxidation process of the species, on the electrode surface, presents an equal number of electrons and protons. Therefore, according to the literature, the oxidation process of PC and SMZ involves two electrons and two protons [37–39].…”

Temperature–humidity dual regulation of a single-core–double-shell microcapsule fabricated by electrostatic-assembly and chemical precipitation

“…The peak at 1616 cm À1 was the stretching vibration of C]C in GO. 37 For the spectrum of SiO 2 , a broad band around 3450 cm À1 was attributed to the stretching vibration of Si-OH. The peak at 960 cm À1 belongs to the Si-OH bending vibration.…”

Nanoengineering of Tin Monosulfide (SnS)‐Based Structures for Emerging Applications

“…The percent change of resistance calculated from Figure 18e as a function of NO 2 concentration (Figure 22f ) verifies that the response of device on exposure to 100 ppb NO 2 gas at room temperature is around 20% with a very low noise (AE5%), suggesting it has significantly superior detection limit. Furthermore, in 2019, Murugan and Kumar [226] reported an electrochemical sensor by incorporating SnS microsphere and TiO , respectively. It was demonstrated that the as-prepared GC-SnS/TiO 2 @GO electrode showed significantly superior sensing ability, relatively wide linear range, distinctly low detection limit, and significant decrease in overpotential due to its larger surface area and higher electrical conductivity.…”

“…It was demonstrated that the as-prepared GC-SnS/TiO 2 @GO electrode showed significantly superior sensing ability, relatively wide linear range, distinctly low detection limit, and significant decrease in overpotential due to its larger surface area and higher electrical conductivity. [226] The SnS/TiO 2 @GO ternary composite electrode was also proved to enable a facile preparation of commercial sensors for drug detection with a high sensitivity.…”