Factor Influences for Diagnosis and Vaccination of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus (Gammacoronavirus) in Chickens

Abstract

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a major economic problem in commercial chicken farms with acute multiple-system infection, especially in respiratory and urogenital systems. A live-attenuated and killed vaccine is currently immunized to control IBV infection; however, repeated outbreaks occur in both unvaccinated and vaccinated birds due to the choice of inadequate vaccine candidates and continuous emergence of novel infectious bronchitis (IB) variants and failure of vaccination. However, similar clinical signs were shown in different respiratory diseases that are essential to improving the diagnostic assay to detect IBV infections. Various risk factors involved in the failure of IB vaccination, such as various routes of application of vaccination, the interval between vaccinations, and challenge with various possible immunosuppression of birds are reviewed. The review article also highlights and updates factors affecting the diagnosis of IBV disease in the poultry industry with differential diagnosis to find the nature of infections compared with non-IBV diseases. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the common reasons for failed IBV vaccinations with preventive action, and proper diagnostic facilities for identifying the infective stage, leading to earlier control and reduced economic losses from IBV disease.

Comparative Evaluation of Immune Responses and Protection of Chitosan Nanoparticles and Oil-Emulsion Adjuvants in Avian Coronavirus Inactivated Vaccines in Chickens

“…Several factors can influence the type and intensity of the immune response induced by a viral vaccine, such as the antigen type (live attenuated or inactivated), the inclusion of carrier-adjuvants and their type, the vaccination strategy, the cells involved in antigen recognition, the age of the chicken and the route of administration [4,15,18,24,36].…”

SARS‐CoV‐2 variants and vulnerability at the global level

“…It was later transmitted in Brazil. 62 This variant comprises two subvariants 28‐AM‐1 and 28‐AM‐2 that both carry mutation K417T, E484K, and N501Y. Gamma variant is particularly found from the other Brazilian zeta variant (Lineage P.2).…”

“…This variant was found in the Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Japan. It was later transmitted in Brazil 62 . This variant comprises two subvariants 28‐AM‐1 and 28‐AM‐2 that both carry mutation K417T, E484K, and N501Y.…”

Infectious Bronchitis Virus (Gammacoronavirus) in Poultry Farming: Vaccination, Immune Response and Measures for Mitigation

“…The chickens vaccinated in ovo are still in progress, depending on the types of IBV strain without killing the embryos [97]. Post-vaccine challenges are found occasionally, causing reversion to virulence in unvaccinated or immunocompromised chickens by a rolling effect that result in high mortality and unpredictable spreading of IBV resulting disease outbreaks [98][99][100].…”

“…The MDAs can persist from a day to several weeks until 3 to 4 months as a maximum depends on the nature and exposure of the virus. Approximately 97% of chicks are protected against IBV infection starting from DOC because of MDAs [98,111]. The level of immunity might gradually decline up to <30% on days 7 of age due to antibody binding and partial neutralization of vaccine viruses as given during short-term protection [50].…”