Factorial significance on tractor stability under variation of terrain roughness employing the Taguchi method

Li, Zhen; Zhu, Zhen; Qin, Jiahao; Mao, Enrong; Mitsuoka, Muneshi; Inoue, Eiji; Shin, Soyoung

doi:10.25165/j.ijabe.20181105.3713

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In view of Proposition 1, for any fixed overlap ratio, every optimal film width b f ,int is defined by Equation (10). The b f -optimal quality index FC min,b f = FC b f ,int depends on the overlap ratio k f according to the formula of Equation (11), as indicated in Figure 5. Since 1/Ω k f is the right-continuous function of k f , increasing in the intervals determined by discontinuity points k f ,u ∈ K u , for any k f ,u such that the applicability condition holds index FC min,b f takes the minimal value equal to:…”

Section: Optimal Design Of the Film Width And Overlap Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The selection of the best commercially available film width is resolved by the following result proven in Appendix A.2. In various regions of the world, different film widths dominate (see, e.g., [11]). Both the film consumption and the robustness with respect to the overlap ratio uncertainties are taken into account.…”

Section: Robustly Optimal Design Of Wrapping Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Comprehensive reviews of the literature, substantial and multifaceted, concerning physical and biochemical characteristics of baled silages with fermentation and nutritive quality [6][7][8] provide detailed information about the progress in bale silage conservation techniques [7,9,10], recent experimental studies [6,7], and future perspectives [7,8,10]. Although other silage conservation technologies are poised to replace baled silage for the primary purpose of providing good silage at low cost, it is likely to remain popular in the foreseeable future [7,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Today's silage conservation in many regions of Europe [9,12], America [9], and China [1,11], especially for small and mid-sized producers, prefers round (i.e., cylindrical) bales wrapped individually. Since its origin in the 1980s, the conventional wrapping technique, according to which film strips are wrapped along the longitudinal axis of a bale, from the base to the top or vice versa, resulting in successive film layers, has been at the heart of the modern bale silage technique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To reduce film consumption, researchers have incorporated experimental methods; several strategies have been tested for the conventional wrapping method [11,20,22], for the alternative technique of three-dimensional (3D) film wrapping using biaxial rotation of the film applicators [14], and for a polyethylene tying-film system used to replace the typical net wrapping [23]. Simultaneously, a limited number of studies have been concerned with model-based optimization of film consumption by an appropriate choice of the film and wrapping process parameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal and Robustly Optimal Consumption of Stretch Film Used for Wrapping Cylindrical Baled Silage

Stankiewicz¹

2019

Agriculture

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A conventional method for wrapping round bales of agricultural materials by wrappers with a rotating table or with rotating arms is considered. In contemporary agriculture, the demand for minimal consumption of the film used to wrap bales is very high, in order to apply this method with lower cost and less damage to the environment. A combined model-based problem of such a design, focusing on the width of stretch film and the overlap between adjacent film strips that minimizes film consumption, was mathematically formulated and solved. It was proven that the complete set of optimal film widths is defined by a simple algebraic equation described in terms of film, bale, and wrapping parameters. The optimal overlap ratios were found to be irreducible fractions in which the dividend is the divisor minus one; however, only the first three factions, 1 2 , 2 3 , and 3 4 , are practically significant. Next, the robustness to disturbances in the functioning of an actual bale wrapper, which leads to overlap ratio uncertainty, is examined. It was shown that, unfortunately, the optimal film widths applied together with the optimal overlaps do not provide any robustness to overlap variations. To overcome this inconvenience, the problems of a choice of the best commercially available film width guaranteeing minimal film consumption or maximal tolerance on the overlap uncertainty were formulated and solved. A new algorithm for a robust design of wrapping parameters was developed, motivated, and numerically verified to achieve a trade-off between satisfactory robustness and low film usage. For the resulting wrapping parameters, near-optimal film usage was achieved; the relative errors of the minimal film consumption approximation did not exceed 4%. It was proven that for the overlap, slightly more than 50%, i.e., 51% or 52%, provides both optimality and robustness of the overlap over disturbances, which are ensured regardless of the number of film layers. Moreover, it was found that for these overlaps and for the commercially available film widths selected according to the algorithm, the film consumption was more than twice as small than the film usage for exactly 50% overlap, if the actual overlap was smaller than pre-assumed. Similarly, an overlap of slightly more than the commonly used 67% will result in about 30% to 40% reduction in film usage in the presence of unfavorable disturbances, depending on the number of film layers and wrapping parameters.

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Section: Optimal Design Of the Film Width And Overlap Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Robustly Optimal Design Of Wrapping Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Optimal and Robustly Optimal Consumption of Stretch Film Used for Wrapping Cylindrical Baled Silage

Stankiewicz¹

2019

Agriculture

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On the uniform distribution and optimal consumption of stretch film used for wrapping cylindrical baled silage

Stankiewicz

2019

Grass and Forage Science

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The main objective of this article was to mathematically formulate the problem of the uniform coverage of round baled silage, solve this problem and propose a design approach. A mathematical model which describes the distribution and consumption of stretch film used for bale wrapping is derived. The model aims at capturing more features of a realistic description of the wrapping process than existing mathematical models, so as to provide a deeper insight into the issues concerning bale coverage and film consumption. Bale and film dimensions, mechanical properties of the stretch film described by the Poisson ratio and unit deformation, the overlap between adjacent film strips and the pre‐assumed number of basic film layers are taken into account. It is proved that the complete set of the overlap ratios guaranteeing uniform film distribution is composed of irreducible fractions in which dividend is the divisor minus one. For the bale wrapping technique, only the first four equal to 12,23,34,45 are significant. However, the essence of this study is the uniform film distribution, but optimization and robustness issues are also discussed. Simple mathematical rules are derived to calculate the optimal overlap ratios which minimize film usage. The parallelism between the uniform film distribution and minimal film usage is demonstrated, but it is also proved that these requirements are not equivalent. Robustness on the wrapping process disturbances is examined, and two algorithms for robustly optimal overlap ratio design are developed. The main developments are illustrated by examples, figures and supporting discussions.

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Stability Tests of Agricultural and Operating Machines by Means of an Installation Composed by a Rotating Platform (the “Turntable”) with Four Weighting Quadrants

Bietresato

Mazzetto

2020

Applied Sciences

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The stability of agricultural machines, earth-moving machines, snow-compaction machines and, in general, of all vehicles that may operate on sloping terrains is a very important technical feature and should not be underestimated. In fact, it is correlated, above all, to the safety of the operators, but also to the preservation of the structural integrity of these vehicles, to the prosecution of the activities and to the preservation of the economic investment. Although these facts are well-known, the international legislation and technical standards do not yet have a sufficient level of detail to give an all-inclusive quantification of the stability of the vehicle under examination in all its working conditions, e.g., at different inclination angles of the support surface, at different climbing angles of the vehicle on the slope, with different tires and inflating pressures, and on different terrains. Actual standards limit the stability tests to the experimental measurement of the lateral rollover angle only. Furthermore, the realization of unconventional test equipment able to widen the usually-tested scenarios could not be simple, due to the necessary size that such equipment should have (to perform tests not in scale) and to the related difficulties of handling full-scale vehicles. This work illustrates the applications of a new rig for testing the stability of vehicles, able to address all the above-illustrated issues and of possible future adoption to certify the stability performance of machines and perform homologations. This installation, named “rotating platform” or “turntable”, has the peculiarity of being able to move the machine positioned on it according to two rotational degrees of freedom: (1) overall inclination of the support plane, (2) rotation of the support plane around an axis perpendicular to the plane. The same installation is also designed to record the weight supported by each wheel of the machine placed on it (by means of four sensorized quadrants), both when the platform is motionless and while the above-described movements of tilt and rotation are being carried out, thus locating precisely the spatial position of the vehicle center of gravity. The presented physical-mathematical models highlight the great potential of this facility, anticipate the outcomes of the recordings that the experimenters will have at disposal when the test rig will be effectively active, and help the future understanding of trends of data, thus maximizing the available information content.

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Factorial significance on tractor stability under variation of terrain roughness employing the Taguchi method

Cited by 3 publications

References 30 publications

Optimal and Robustly Optimal Consumption of Stretch Film Used for Wrapping Cylindrical Baled Silage

Optimal and Robustly Optimal Consumption of Stretch Film Used for Wrapping Cylindrical Baled Silage

On the uniform distribution and optimal consumption of stretch film used for wrapping cylindrical baled silage

Stability Tests of Agricultural and Operating Machines by Means of an Installation Composed by a Rotating Platform (the “Turntable”) with Four Weighting Quadrants

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