Factors affecting the rheological behaviour of carbomer dispersions in hydroalcoholic medium: Towards the optimization of hand sanitiser gel formulations

Berardi, Alberto; Perinelli, Diego Romano; Bisharat, Lorina; Sabbatini, Beatrice; Bonacucina, Giulia; Tiboni, Mattia; Palmieri, G; Cespi, Marco

doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121503

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The most important properties of gels used as sanitizers are microbiological and rheological [42,49]. The viscosity and consistency depend on the network formed by the ingredients in the gel (use and concentration of different cross-linkers), which is reflected in the functionality and sensation it produces on the skin during use [50,51]. Efficiency, per-formance, and customer perception are linked to gel viscosity values.…”

Section: Ph and Organoleptic Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Characterization of a Hand Rub Gel Produced with Artisan Alcohol (Puntas), Silver Nanoparticles, and Saponins from Quinoa

Analuiza,

Paredes,

Lascano

et al. 2024

Gels

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The emergence of the global pandemic (COVID-19) has directed global attention towards the importance of hygiene as the primary defense against various infections. In this sense, one of the frequent recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) is regular hand washing and the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Ethanol is the most widely used alcohol due to its effectiveness in eliminating pathogens, ease of use, and widespread production. However, artisanal alcohol, generally used as a spirit drink, could be a viable alternative for developing sanitizing gels. In this study, the use of alcohol “Puntas”, silver nanoparticles, and saponins from quinoa was evaluated to produce hand sanitizer gels. The rheological, physicochemical, and antimicrobial properties were evaluated. In the previous assays, the formulations were adjusted to be similar in visual viscosity to the control gel. A clear decrease in the apparent viscosity was observed with increasing shear rate, and an inversely proportional relationship was observed with the amount of ethyl alcohol used in the formulations. The flow behavior index (n) values reflected a pseudoplastic behavior. Oscillatory dynamic tests were performed to analyze the viscoelastic behavior of gels. A decrease in storage modulus (G′) and an increase in loss modulus (G″) as a function of the angular velocity (ω) was observed. The evaluation of pH showed that the gels complied with the requirements to be in contact with the skin of the people, and the textural parameters showed that the control gel was the hardest. The use of artisan alcohol could be an excellent alternative to produce sanitizer gel and contribute to the requirements of the population.

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Section: Ph and Organoleptic Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Characterization of a Hand Rub Gel Produced with Artisan Alcohol (Puntas), Silver Nanoparticles, and Saponins from Quinoa

Analuiza,

Paredes,

Lascano

et al. 2024

Gels

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show abstract

“…The components of HSGs are biocompatible with each other at an excellent level, and the most abundant component is the thickening agent, mainly using carbomer, which is extensively used for skin and eye wound healing [ 30 , 31 ]. Simultaneously, carbomer has high viscosity at low concentrations and has the advantages of a wide viscosity range, great flowability, compatibility with many active ingredients, high transparency, good thermal stability, and high consumer acceptance [ 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Application Scenarios For Hsgsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hand Sanitizer Gels: Classification, Challenges, and the Future of Multipurpose Hand Hygiene Products

Ma,

Yi,

et al. 2023

Toxics

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Hand hygiene is a crucial measure in the prevention and control of infections, and there is a growing awareness among individuals who are making a conscious effort to maintain hand cleanliness. With the advent of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, the demand for hand hygiene products has also gradually shifted towards those with antimicrobial properties. Among these products, hand sanitizer gels (HSGs) have gained considerable popularity as an efficient method of hand cleaning, due to their rapid drying and sustained antimicrobial efficacy. Concurrently, there has been a growing interest in novel HSGs that offer additional functions such as skin whitening, moisturizing, and anti-inflammatory effects. These novel HSGs effectively address concerns associated with the ingestion of antimicrobial ingredients and demonstrate reduced skin irritation, thereby alleviating hand dermatological issues. This review provides an extensive overview of the application scenarios, classification, and challenges associated with HSGs while emphasizing the emergence of novel components with biological functions, aiming to contribute to the advancement of hand hygiene practices and offer novel insights for the development of novel HSGs with outstanding antimicrobial properties with other multiple biological functions and desirable biosafety profiles.

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“…The hydrophilic polymer could be used as thickeners, such as polyacrylic acid (PAA), 4‐8 polyethylene glycol (PEG), 9,10 polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), 11‐15 and polysaccharide‐based polymers 16,17 . Due to its low cost and ability to absorb and retain water and swell to their original volume, the PAA‐based thickeners could effectively stabilize suspended solids in liquids and have been widely used in the household chemical industry 18 . Meanwhile, there are many kinds of PAA‐based thickeners, including the linear PAA and the slightly crosslinked PAA with a branched molecule structure named carbomer 18‐20 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16,17 Due to its low cost and ability to absorb and retain water and swell to their original volume, the PAAbased thickeners could effectively stabilize suspended solids in liquids and have been widely used in the household chemical industry. 18 Meanwhile, there are many kinds of PAA-based thickeners, including the linear PAA and the slightly crosslinked PAA with a branched molecule structure named carbomer. [18][19][20] On the other hand, the carbomer is also a pH-sensitive polymer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18 Meanwhile, there are many kinds of PAA-based thickeners, including the linear PAA and the slightly crosslinked PAA with a branched molecule structure named carbomer. [18][19][20] On the other hand, the carbomer is also a pH-sensitive polymer. 21 In the alkaline or neutral condition, the molecular chain of carbomer could be fully stretched to form a three-dimensional microgel, 22 which could entangle each other to fabricate a continuous network for trapping the particles and then stably suspend these particles in the solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The suspending appearance of poly(acrylic acid)‐based rheology modifier in high‐content surfactant: The effect of polymer structure and molecular weight on the rheological properties of the complex systems

Xie

Tang

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The “all in one” multifunctional and concentrated daily chemical products are required by the market, such as the long‐term release of anti‐bacterial, medical, or perfume agents. These functions mainly rely on the microcapsules, which could encapsulate these functional and unstable molecules, and then release them in the long term. To stabilize these functional solid particles in a high‐content surfactant, it is necessary to add a suspending rheological modifier. The poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)‐based rheology modifier is one of the most common additives in the industry of daily chemicals, for thickening or suspending. In this paper, linear PAA, and branched PAA polymers (Carbomer 941 and Carbomer 940) were selected to study the suspending ability of PAA‐based rheology modifier in high‐content surfactant and to investigate the effect of PAA polymer structure and Mw on the complex solution's rheological properties. The yield and viscosity test of the complex solutions of linear PAA and high‐content surfactant revealed that the addition of linear PAA could lead to lower yield stress and viscosity, and failed to suspend the polystyrene (PS) model microspheres due to its smaller mean square radius of gyration. The branched PAA polymer, Carbomer 940 and Carbomer 941 were more stable than the linear PAA in these two kinds of surfactant. More specifically, Carbomer 940 with a higher Mw, would exhibit higher yield stress and viscosity than Carbomer 941 with a lower Mw in nonionic surfactant alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AEO) solvent with content less than 5 wt%. When the content was higher than 5 wt%, Carbomer 941 presented higher yield stress and viscosity than Carbomer 940, and successfully suspended PS microspheres in the 20 wt% AEO solution. This could depend on the polymer chain's elongation state of these two PAA‐based branched rheology modifiers. The same trend happened in the appearance of Carbomer 940 and Carbomer 941 in alcohol ether sulphate (AES) solution. However, the electrostatic repulsive force between the AES and PAA‐based rheology modifier could further make the polymer chain curl up and restrain the suspending ability in a lower content surfactant solution. Therefore, this fundamental research could guide the application of the anionic polyelectrolytes in the concentrated daily chemical product for stable suspending particles.

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Factors affecting the rheological behaviour of carbomer dispersions in hydroalcoholic medium: Towards the optimization of hand sanitiser gel formulations

Cited by 15 publications

References 11 publications

Development and Characterization of a Hand Rub Gel Produced with Artisan Alcohol (Puntas), Silver Nanoparticles, and Saponins from Quinoa

Development and Characterization of a Hand Rub Gel Produced with Artisan Alcohol (Puntas), Silver Nanoparticles, and Saponins from Quinoa

Hand Sanitizer Gels: Classification, Challenges, and the Future of Multipurpose Hand Hygiene Products

The suspending appearance of poly(acrylic acid)‐based rheology modifier in high‐content surfactant: The effect of polymer structure and molecular weight on the rheological properties of the complex systems

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