Factors Associated with Adiposity, Lipid Profile Disorders and the Metabolic Syndrome Occurrence in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women

Abstract

The aim of the study was the assessment of the dependencies between a woman’s menopausal status and adiposity, lipid profile and metabolic syndrome occurrence, as well as finding out whether the correlations between the socio-demographic profile and lifestyle elements and adiposity, lipid profile and the risk of MetS are the same before and after menopause. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 3636 women, aged between 40–59, which involved a questionnaire interview, anthropometric measurements and fasting blood samples, on the basis of which the concentration of triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose was estimated. Before menopause, a greater adiposity (BMIβ = 0.08; %BFβ = 0.07; WCβ = 0.06) was characteristic for women living in a stable relationship than for single women. Women who smoked in the past were characterized by a higher BMI (β = 0.09) and WC (β = 0.06) in comparison with women who have never smoked, while after menopause a greater adiposity (%BFβ = 0.12) and a worse lipid profile (TCβ = 0.08; LDLβ = 0.07; HDLβ = -0.05; TGβ = 0.14) were present in women currently smoking, in comparison to women who have never smoked. After menopause, in women who had two or more children, a greater adiposity (BMIβ = 0.07 and 0.09; %BFβ = 0.05 and 0.07) and a higher risk of MetS (OR = 1.22, 95%CI: 1.03–1.44) was observed compared to nulliparous women, than before menopause. In women with a higher level of education, the risk of MetS after menopause was significantly lower compared with women with a lower level of education (OR = 0.74, 95%CI: 0.61–0.90). Physical activity after menopause had a higher influence on the decrease in the women’s adiposity (BMIβ = -0.11 v. -0.06; %BFβ = -0.11 v. -0.06; WCβ = -0.14 v. -0.08), than before menopause. In women not undergoing hormone replacement therapy, some of the socio-demographic factors and lifestyle elements affected adiposity, lipid profile and the risk of MetS differently before and after menopause, which requires verification through long-term research.

Effects of diet and exercise on weight-related outcomes for breast cancer survivors and their adult daughters: an analysis of the DAMES trial

“…However, the analytic approach controlled for the dyadic nature of the data, and an exploratory approach was appropriate given the paucity of research on dyadic weight management interventions with this population. Similar effect sizes have also been obtained in other studies examining associations between self-reported diet and exercise and weight outcomes in non-cancer samples [43–45]. Additionally, although the sample was diverse with regard to race, age, and stage of non-metastatic disease, the sample represents a minority of those approached for participation.…”

“…Exercise has shown inconsistent associations with weight loss in both cancer and non-cancer samples [43–45]. However, the importance of exercise in weight management interventions for individuals with and without a cancer history should not be discounted.…”

Dietary Profile and Nutritional Status of Climacteric Women

“…Buonani et al 17 showed an average PFM score of 45.1% ± 5.5%, and in a part of the PONS Study, the average adiposity was 34.1% ± 6.7% for pre-menopausal women and 36.2% ± 6.5% for postmenopausal women. 21 The observed food profile had a reasonable quality, with a mean score of 34.5 ± 6.2 points. No updated references were found for the questionnaire "How is your diet?…”

“…25 Relative to fruits and vegetables consumption, a part from the PONS Study showed that premenopausal and and postmenopausal period women, used to consume similar portions (4.06 ± 1.71 servings/day for premenopausal and 4.07 ± 1.71 portions / day for postmenopausal women). 21 Diet quality has implications on the health of menopausal women, and is related to several factors. In an American study, when evaluating the relationship between diet and optimism, healthy eating indexes had an inverse association with BMI, WC, history of diabetes or hypertension and depression.…”

Correlation estradiol levels and physical activities with lipid profile levels of premenopausal women, in Padang city, Indonesia

“…From the results of several studies, it was stated that regular physical activity had an influence on lipid profiles. 11,12 Whereas another study stated that there were no significant differences in lipid profile levels after and before physical activity was given. 13 During regular physical activity an increase in fatty acids in the blood is a raw material for the formation of energy in the muscles during physical activity, then these fatty acids will be transferred into the muscle as an energy source.…”