Factors Associated with Increased or Decreased Stress Level in French Children during the First COVID-19 Lockdown

Abstract

In spring 2020, governments of many countries implemented lockdown measures to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Worldwide, the pandemic forced about 1.5 billion children to stay at home for several weeks and to experience homeschooling. The objective of this study was to assess the variation in stress levels and associated factors in school-aged children in France during the first COVID-19 lockdown. A cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire was designed by an interdisciplinary team involving hospital child psychiatrists and school doctors. Between 15 June and 15 July 2020, Educational Academy of Lyon (France) invited the parents of school-aged children to participate in this survey. The first part of the questionnaire concerned the children with data on lockdown conditions, socio-demographic data, daily rhythms (eating and sleeping), perceived stress variations, and feelings. The second part assessed parental perspectives on their child’s psychological state and use of the mental health care system. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with stress variation (increased or decreased). A total of 7218 questionnaires were fully completed by children from elementary school to high school with a balanced sex ratio. In summary, 29% of children reported a higher stress level during the lockdown, 34% reported a lower stress level, and 37% reported no stress variation in the usual situation prior to COVID-19. Parents were most often able to identify signs of increased stress levels in their children. The most influential factors in the variation of stress for children were academic pressure, family relationships, and fear of being infected or infecting a family member with SARS-CoV-2. Our study underlines the high impact of school attendance stressors on children in usual conditions and encourages vigilance for children whose stress levels have decreased during the lockdown but who may have increased difficulty re-exposing themselves upon deconfinement.

Civilization diseases in childhood – state-of-the- art literature review

“…The COVID-19 pandemic has also changed children's growth environment. Isolation was a huge potential stressor that could affect their mental health [36,[38][39][40].…”

Clown care in the clinical nursing of children: a meta-analysis and systematic review

“…The psychological and physical development of children is not yet mature, and their psychology and behavior are easily affected by external environmental factors ( 4 ). The unfamiliar hospital environment and medical procedures can act as stressors, which can lead to strong stress reactions before an operation and affect the degree of combination of treatment ( 5 ). Some studies ( 6 , 7 ) have shown that most children have serious crying during the perioperative period, which can increase the incidence of postoperative adverse reactions, aggravate the degree of postoperative pain and prolong the postoperative recovery time.…”