Factors Associated with Suicidal Behavior in Farmers: A Systematic Review

Santos, Emelynne Gabrielly de Oliveira; Queiroz, Paulo Roberto Martins; Nunes, Aryelly Dayane da Silva; Vedana, Kelly Graziani Giacchero; Barbosa, Isabelle Ribeiro

doi:10.3390/ijerph18126522

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The results show that most suicide attempts were by single females, aged between 20 and 39 years old, and who used poison as a method, as has already been found in previous studies [ 16 , 31 , 32 ]. The factors associated with suicide death were the male gender, the age group of 40 years or more, and recurrent attempts.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Analysis of Factors Associated with the Risk of Suicide in a Brazilian Capital: Cross-Sectional Study

Mendes

Santos

Castro³

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Suicide and suicide attempts are considered global health problems. With regard to the main causes of unnatural deaths, Brazil ranks as the eighth country with the highest absolute number of suicides. The aim of this study was to analyze the factors associated with the risk of suicide in a metropolitan city in Brazil. This was a cross-sectional study carried out in Recife, in the northeast region of Brazil. Epidemiological surveillance was conducted on the information systems regarding attempted suicide, suicide, and undetermined deaths in the period from 2007 to 2017. A record linkage between the information systems was performed. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and logistic regression were performed with an adopted a significance level of 5%. In the city of Recife, there were 4495 suicide attempts in the period, and the most frequent suicide attempts were by single females, aged between 20 and 39 years old, and who used either medication or poison to die by suicide. A total of 141 individuals died by suicide, and exogenous intoxication was the most common method. Knowing the common characteristics and associated factors of those who attempt and die by suicide is key for the development of prevention policies and intervention strategies for suicide.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Analysis of Factors Associated with the Risk of Suicide in a Brazilian Capital: Cross-Sectional Study

Mendes

Santos

Castro³

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Estudos mostram que indivíduos que residem em áreas rurais e que possuem transtornos mentais, geralmente afirmam não procurar os serviços de saúde, devido às dificuldades de acessibilidade geográfica e pelas experiências não satisfatórias de acolhimento 12 , 34 . Todavia, a elevada prevalência de transtornos mentais como o uso abusivo do álcool 35 e o comportamento suicida 36 em populações que residem em áreas rurais, pode explicar a maior procura por esses serviços.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Studies show that individuals who live in rural areas and who have mental disorders usually claim not to seek health care services due to geographic inaccessibility and unsatisfactory reception experiences 12 , 34 . However, the high prevalence of mental disorders such as alcohol abuse 35 and suicidal behavior 36 in populations living in rural areas may explain the greater demand for these services.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatores associados aos transtornos mentais comuns entre agricultores em um município de médio porte no nordeste do Brasil

2022

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OBJETIVO Identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados aos transtornos mentais comuns entre agricultores residentes em um município de médio porte no nordeste do Brasil, entre 2019 e 2020. MÉTODOS Entrevistadoras treinadas aplicaram o questionário padronizado em 450 participantes. Investigou-se características sociodemográficas, de saúde, renda e trabalho. O rastreamento dos transtornos mentais comuns foi realizado mediante a utilização do questionário SRQ-20 ( Self-Reporting Questionaire ), com o ponto de corte ≥ 7 para mulheres e ≥ 5 para homens. Foi aplicada a regressão de Poisson com estimação robusta para verificar as razões de prevalência na análise bivariada e multivariada. RESULTADOS A prevalência dos transtornos mentais comuns entre agricultores foi de 55,1% (IC95% 50,4–59,6). As variáveis que permaneceram significativas e associadas aos transtornos mentais comuns foram: ser do sexo masculino (RP = 1,7), ter mais de 60 anos (RP = 0,5), ter autoavaliação de saúde ruim ou muito ruim (RP = 1,4), ter realizado tratamento anterior para saúde mental (RP = 1,2), fazer uso abusivo do álcool (RP = 1,2) e ter tido perda de produção (RP = 1,3). CONCLUSÃO Esses resultados indicam que os transtornos mentais comuns estão associados a fatores individuais e do contexto de vida e trabalho dos agricultores, o que demonstra a importância do suporte social, econômico e dos serviços de saúde a esse grupo de trabalhadores.

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“…Climate change has exacerbated the incidence of mental illness and suicide among agricultural workers [13][14][15][16][17]. Additionally, strong evidence exists identifying socio-economic and financial factors as key predictors of mental illness and suicide among the agrarian population in LMICs [18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insurance as an instrument of financial security in addressing mental illness among agricultural workers in the LMICs

Agarwal

Gupta

Singh

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Introduction: Agriculture is a high-risk occupation globally, with risk intensities being higher in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). Formal risk-mitigation instruments are absent in LMICs. Prevalence of financial insecurity often acts as a prominent stressor predisposing to various mental illnesses among the agrarian workers in LMICs. Aims: We review the existing scientific evidence from LMICs on the role of insurance in improving the mental health of rural workers. Our research identifies the different insurance interventions available for agrarian or rural workers in LMICs, and review their effectiveness - overall and across sub-groups in preventing the development of mental illnesses or reducing existing ones. Methodology: Our review included both peer and non-peer-reviewed literature. We involved people with lived experience (PWLE) that included farmers, workers, NGOs and health workers, policy researchers etc. with experiences from India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Peru, and South Africa. Inputs from PWLE helped in defining our key concepts for the study and in curating a list of keywords for literature search. We identified 79 articles of which we reviewed 47 articles that reported effectiveness of financial interventions, primarily Cash transfer (CT), Pension and Health insurance, Workfare and Microfinance on the mental health of rural workers in LMICs. A cash transfer (CT) is a direct transfer payment of money to an eligible person. Unlike Unconditional CT (UCT), conditional CT (CCT) are conditional upon completing specific actions beyond being eligible for CT such as sending children to school or making regular health visits. Microfinance is provision of banking service to individuals or groups who otherwise would have no access to financial services. Workfare program require participants to perform usually public-service work to receive payment. Insights from PWLE: We learned from PWLE that it is hard to distinguish between self and wage employment as workers are engaged in multiple livelihood activities, and similarly between rural and urban workers due to seasonal migration. Workers continue to work in old age as there is no concept of retirement. PWLE reported that public assistance program whether they supplement income or consumption are beneficial. Access to low cost credit enhances financial security as most workers operate in highly credit-constrained environments. Key findings: (i) Pension and health insurance led to a significant reduction in symptoms of depression and anxiety among workers, particularly among the elderly. (ii) Workfare participation led to a reduction in depression among women by increasing income security. However, in addition to financial security, non-pecuniary benefits of employment were also observed among the unemployed refugee men. (iii) CT led to a reduction in suicides among farmers during adverse income shocks, and in general improved mental health of recipients. However, when the recipients perceived CT as stigmatizing or perceived the compliance condition (as in CCT) as an additional burden, the effects of CT on mental health were negative. (iv) Microfinance schemes had mixed effects on mental health of the participants, primarily women. While it led to a reduction in depression and anxiety, loan repayment was often reported to be stressful. Recommendation for practice: Mental health should be incorporated as an additional welfare parameter in the cost-benefit analysis of policy evaluation as evidence suggest that higher income or consumption do not necessarily improve mental health. While pension and health insurance can bring in positive changes in mental health of workers, CT and microfinance schemes are no silver bullets for improving psychological well-being. CT and microfinance interventions can have an adverse effect on mental health of recipients which depend upon their design and delivery. Recommendation for research: We believe that lack of mental health data largely inhibits evidence-based research on mental health. For example, we did not find any study that evaluated agricultural insurance or price support scheme in spite of these having existed in LMICs for some time now. Evaluation of existing insurance interventions on parameters of mental health is only possible if data collection on mental health variables are encouraged.

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Factors Associated with Suicidal Behavior in Farmers: A Systematic Review

Cited by 16 publications

References 49 publications

Analysis of Factors Associated with the Risk of Suicide in a Brazilian Capital: Cross-Sectional Study

Analysis of Factors Associated with the Risk of Suicide in a Brazilian Capital: Cross-Sectional Study

Fatores associados aos transtornos mentais comuns entre agricultores em um município de médio porte no nordeste do Brasil

Insurance as an instrument of financial security in addressing mental illness among agricultural workers in the LMICs

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