“…Existing scholarly inconsistency on BIM description (Kymmell, 2008; Zuppa et al , 2009; Turk, 2016; Hardin and McCool, 2015) continues in our sample papers as well. Studies that treated IPD and BIM separately tended to view BIM as a tool (Kim and Dossick, 2011; Zhang and Li, 2014; Salim and Mahjoob, 2020), a technology (Chen et al , 2020; Zhang et al , 2020), a process (Porwal and Hewage, 2013; Eadie et al , 2015; Franz et al , 2017; Ariffin et al , 2018; Bahram, 2019) or an approach (Albano and Di Giuda, 2018), while IPD was discussed mainly as a method (Keskin et al , 2020; Bynum et al , 2013), a practice (Ma et al , 2018b), an approach (Salim and Mahjoob, 2020), a process (Isikdag, 2012) or a mindset (Pishdad-Bozorgi et al , 2018; Holzer, 2011).…”