Factors Controlling the Sea Surface Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide in Upwelling Regions: A Case Study of the Southern East China Sea Before and After Typhoon Maria

Kao, Kai-Jung; Huang, Wei‐Jen; Chou, Wen Chen; Gong, Gwo‐Ching; Weerathunga, Veran

doi:10.1029/2022jc019195

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…As a result of the TC "Wind Pump" effects, subsurface waters, which were colder and richer in CO 2 , were uplifted and mixed with the surface water. This dynamic process could lead to a decrease [20][21][22]37,38] or increase [16,17] in pCO 2-sw , depending on the dominant influence of cooling or carbon enrichment on carbonate chemistry [39].…”

Section: Wind Pump Effects Of Typhoon On Pco 2-swmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Variations in these physical and biochemical processes may affect the concentration of pCO 2-sw . The degree of influence is determined by the typhoon's intensity, moving path, moving speed, precipitation, and the combined effects of the marine environment and other factors [14][15][16][17][20][21][22][23][24]. Nemoto et al (2009) discovered that three typhoons were responsible for approximately 60% of the CO 2 emissions during the summer season in the western subtropical North Pacific.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kao et al (2023) revealed a significant decrease in pCO 2-sw following typhoon Maria in the upwelling region in the southern East China Sea (ECS), both on the shelf break and middle shelf. Among the controlling factors, the effect of temperature accounted for 38% to 40%, net biological activity −33% to −36%, and mixing −24% [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sea Surface pCO2 Response to Typhoon “Wind Pump” and Kuroshio Intrusion in the Northeastern South China Sea

Lin,

Sun,

Liu

et al. 2023

Remote Sensing

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The Luzon Strait (LS) is a key region for estimating carbon sources and sinks in the South China Sea (SCS) and is highly influenced by the Kuroshio Current (KC) and typhoons. Understanding the variations in the sea surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2-sw) under the combined effects of typhoons and KC in this region is crucial for estimating local and regional changes in ocean carbon flux. Based on valuable in situ pCO2-sw and remote sensing data, this study aimed to reveal the temporal variations and the physical mechanisms of pCO2-sw variations under the comprehensive effects of both typhoons and Kuroshio Intrusion (KI) in the LS. One week after the passage of the tropical cyclone (TC) Nanmadol, the concentration in the pCO2-sw and the influencing mechanisms varied in three different regions (W1–W3) on Transect A (120°E). In the region dominated by SCS waters (W1), the average pCO2-sw increased by 5.1 μatm after TC, which was mainly due to the TC “Wind Pump” inducing strong vertical mixing, which brought dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)-rich deeper water up to the surface. In the region affected by KC (W2 and W3), pCO2-sw decreased after the TC (−8.2 μatm and −1.8 μatm, respectively) with TC-enhanced KI because the invasion of lower pCO2-sw of Kuroshio waters inhibited the TC-induced upwelling. More significant TC-induced upwelling (W3) would alleviate the decrease in pCO2-sw caused by the TC-enhanced KI. This study is a rare case providing a better understanding of the variations in pCO2-sw under TC-enhanced KI, which provides support for regional climate change prediction and carbon flux estimation in the western boundary current regions.

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Section: Wind Pump Effects Of Typhoon On Pco 2-swmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sea Surface pCO2 Response to Typhoon “Wind Pump” and Kuroshio Intrusion in the Northeastern South China Sea

Lin,

Sun,

Liu

et al. 2023

Remote Sensing

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“…Ye et al (2017) demonstrated that when Typhoon Wutip passed through the anticyclonic and cyclonic regions, the cyclonic region became a stronger carbon source, while the anticyclonic region changed from a carbon source to a carbon sink, which was primarily due to changes in vorticity, sea surface salinity (SSS), temperature, and pCO 2sea . Research by Kao et al (2023) indicated that when a typhoon occurs in the southern East China Sea, the factors affecting pCO 2sea in the upwelling area are the temperature effect (38%-40%), net biological activity (−33% to −36%), and the mixing effect (−24%).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating the impact of typhoons on air‐sea CO₂ fluxes on the northern coastal area of the South China Sea

Meng,

Guan,

Feng

2024

Environ. Res. Lett.

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The South China Sea is a typhoon-prone region, and previous studies have shown that typhoons have significant impacts on air-sea CO2 fluxes. However, the effect of typhoons on the northern coastal area of the South China Sea is not well understood owing to limited observational data. In this study, we used a coupled model to simulate the impact of four typhoons (Hato, Mangkhut, Nida, and Merbok) on the partial pressure of CO2 in seawater (pCO2sea) and the CO2 fluxes in this area. Our results show that the coupled model effectively reproduces the spatial pattern of pCO2sea in this region. The response of pCO2sea to typhoons was determined by typhoon-induced vertical mixing and coastal upwelling, along with initial oceanic conditions. Typhoon Nida caused a decrease in pCO2sea with Total Alkalinity (TA) and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) being the primary factors. However, typhoons Hato, Mangkhut, and Merbok caused an increase in pCO2sea with Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) playing a more prominent role. The average CO2 fluxes during the passage were approximately 6-14 times higher than those before typhoon passage. These results enhance our understanding of the effect of typhoons on air-sea CO2 fluxes over the northern coastal area of the South China Sea.

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Effect of a tropical cyclone on the pelagic ecosystem of a continental shelf

Chen,

Hsieh,

Cheng

et al. 2024

Limnology & Oceanography

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This study aimed to comprehend the effects of Typhoon Maria on the pelagic ecosystem in the southern East China Sea. Shipboard measurements were conducted at eight sampling stations before (2–4 d) and after (3–6 d) the typhoon, which enabled the evaluation of the potential impacts of the typhoon on this pelagic ecosystem, with particular focus on carbon dynamics. Following the typhoon's passage, there was a slight drop in sea surface temperature. The response of the variables to the typhoon, however, exhibited variations at different sampling stations. For further analysis, t‐tests compared variables, while type II regression assessed the linear correlation between two variables. Overall, during the post‐typhoon period, concentrations of nitrate, chlorophyll a, primary production, bacterial biomass and production, plankton community respiration, and abundance of large phytoplankton (> 2 μm) and the relative abundance of picophytoplankton among larger‐sized picoeukaryotes were higher compared to the pre‐typhoon period. The mean value of fugacity of CO2 was similar to or slightly lower than pre‐typhoon period. Although the typhoon‐induced vigorous primary production might have absorbed a significant amount of CO2, the decrease in fugacity of CO2 could have been offset by the plankton community respiration. The findings suggest that the typhoon enhanced physical disturbance and increased water column mixing, which, in turn, augmented nutrient availability and promoted plankton growth in the shallow water column. Overall, this study sheds light on the complex interactions between typhoons and marine ecosystems and highlights the importance of further investigating these phenomena to better understand their ecological implications.

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Factors Controlling the Sea Surface Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide in Upwelling Regions: A Case Study of the Southern East China Sea Before and After Typhoon Maria

Cited by 8 publications

References 101 publications

Sea Surface pCO2 Response to Typhoon “Wind Pump” and Kuroshio Intrusion in the Northeastern South China Sea

Sea Surface pCO2 Response to Typhoon “Wind Pump” and Kuroshio Intrusion in the Northeastern South China Sea

Simulating the impact of typhoons on air‐sea CO₂ fluxes on the northern coastal area of the South China Sea

Effect of a tropical cyclone on the pelagic ecosystem of a continental shelf

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Factors Controlling the Sea Surface Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide in Upwelling Regions: A Case Study of the Southern East China Sea Before and After Typhoon Maria

Cited by 8 publications

References 101 publications

Sea Surface pCO2 Response to Typhoon “Wind Pump” and Kuroshio Intrusion in the Northeastern South China Sea

Sea Surface pCO2 Response to Typhoon “Wind Pump” and Kuroshio Intrusion in the Northeastern South China Sea

Simulating the impact of typhoons on air‐sea CO2 fluxes on the northern coastal area of the South China Sea

Effect of a tropical cyclone on the pelagic ecosystem of a continental shelf

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Simulating the impact of typhoons on air‐sea CO₂ fluxes on the northern coastal area of the South China Sea