Factors inducing transition from growth to dormancy in rhizobacteria Azospirillum brasilense

Yoon

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

4-Hexylresorcinol (4HR) is a small organic compound that is used as an additive antiseptic and antioxidant, but its molecular properties have not been clearly elucidated. The present study explored the cellular effects of 4HR on RAW 264.7 cells by immunoprecipitation high-performance liquid chromatography (IP-HPLC) using 216 antisera. 4HR-treated cells showed significant decreases in the expressions of proliferation-related proteins, cMyc/MAX/MAD network, p53/Rb/E2F and Wnt/β-catenin signalings, epigenetic modifications, and protein translation. Furthermore, 4HR suppressed the expressions of growth factors and proteins associated with RAS signaling, NFkB signaling, inflammation, and osteogenesis, but elevated the expressions of proteins associated with p53-mediated and FAS-mediated apoptosis, T-cell immunity, angiogenesis, antioxidant, and oncogenic signaling. In a 4HR adherence assay, TNFα, PKC, osteopontin, and GADD45 were strongly adherent to 4HR-coated beads, whereas IL-6, c-caspase 3, CDK4, and c-caspase 9 were not. Many 4HR adherent proteins were expressed at lower levels in 4HR treated RAW 264.7 cells than in non-treated controls, whereas 4HR non-adherent proteins were expressed at higher levels. These observations suggest 4HR affects the expressions of proteins in an adhesion-dependent manner and that its effects on proteins are characteristic and global in RAW 264.7 cells.

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Effects of 4-Hexylresorcinol on Protein Expressions in RAW 264.7 Cells as Determined by Immunoprecipitation High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Yoon

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

“…Accordingly, the surviving microorganism undergoes dormancy [15]. The microorganism in the state of dormancy extremely reduces its metabolic rate and resists environmental stress [15]. Based on these observations, 4HR in eukaryotes may be mimicking the action in the prokaryotes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Though 4HR is known as an antiseptic, the administration of 4HR on a microorganism reduces the metabolic rate and does the role as a chemical chaperone [14]. Accordingly, the surviving microorganism undergoes dormancy [15]. The microorganism in the state of dormancy extremely reduces its metabolic rate and resists environmental stress [15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

4-Hexylresorcinol Inhibits Class I Histone Deacetylases in Human Umbilical Cord Endothelial Cells

et al. 2021

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are key enzymes for post-translational modification and influence on various cellular activities. Thus, HDACs are associated with many diseases and their inhibitors have clinical significance. Here, 4-Hexylresorcinol (4HR) was studied as an inhibitor for class I HDACs using the HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) Trichostatin-A as a positive control. The 4HR was administered 1–100 μM to human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the HDAC expression and activity were examined. The 4HR decreased the expression level of HDAC1, 3, 4, and 5 in a time and dose-dependent manner. The 4HR also increased acetylated lysine and decreased HDAC activity significantly (p < 0.05). Collectively, 4HR was a new class I HDAC inhibitor that reduced the expression and activity of HDAC in HUVECs.

“…4-Hexylresorcinol (4HR) has been used as an antiseptics 9 and anti-melanin agent in the food and cosmetic industries 10 . 4HR is a strong inducer of dormancy in micro-organisms 11 . It exerts anti-cancer effects due to pro-apoptotic activity 12,13 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

4-Hexylresorcinol and silk sericin increase the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor via different pathways

Choi

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

Angiogenesis plays an important role in active inflammation and wound healing. Our results showed that silk sericin and 4-hexylresorcinol (4HR) increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in a dose-dependent manner in RAW264.7 cells. Unlike 4HR, silk sericin increased the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and HIF-2α. Pretreatment with an HIF inhibitor decreased the sericin-induced increase in VEGF expression. However, the HIF inhibitor did not affect the 4HR-induced increase in VEGF expression. An inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) declined the 4HR-induced increase in VEGF expression. Silk sericin increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas 4HR decreased ROS. M1 markers were increased by silk sericin treatment, and M2 markers were increased by 4HR treatment. VEGF and angiogenin expression were higher in rats treated with a 4HR-incorporated silk mat than in rats treated with a silk mat alone. In conclusion, silk sericin and 4HR increased VEGF expression in RAW264.7 cells via HIF-mediated and MMP-mediated pathways, respectively. Silk sericin exerted like pro-oxidant effects and 4HR exerted anti-oxidant effects. Rats treated with a 4HR-incorporated silk mat showed higher levels of VEGF and angiogenin than those treated with a silk mat alone.