Farm diversification as an adjustment strategy on the urban fringe of the West Midlands

Ilbery, Brian

doi:10.1016/0743-0167(91)90085-7

Cited by 236 publications

(239 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Distribution via direct marketing like that carried out at farm gates and stands, farmers' markets, food-box schemes and Farm-to-School programmes have so far formed the focus of scholarly research. This has also examined sales made directly to restaurants, food cooperatives, CSA programs, pick-your-own schemes or selfharvest gardens (Ilbery 1991;Brown and Carter 2003;Vogl et al 2004;Jarosz 2008;Kieninger et al 2011).…”

Section: Distribution Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contributing to food security in urban areas: differences between urban agriculture and peri-urban agriculture in the Global North

et al. 2015

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Food security is becoming an increasingly relevant topic in the Global North, especially in urban areas. Because such areas do not always have good access to nutritionally adequate food, the question of how to supply them is an urgent priority in order to maintain a healthy population. Urban and peri-urban agriculture, as sources of local fresh food, could play an important role. Whereas some scholars do not differentiate between peri-urban and urban agriculture, seeing them as a single entity, our hypothesis is that they are distinct, and that this has important consequences for food security and other issues. This has knock-on effects for food system planning and has not yet been appropriately analysed. The objectives of this study are to provide a systematic understanding of urban and peri-urban agriculture in the Global North, showing their similarities and differences, and to analyse their impact on urban food security. To this end, an extensive literature review was conducted, resulting in the identification and comparison of their spatial, ecological and socio-economic characteristics. The findings are discussed in terms of their impact on food security in relation to the four levels of the food system: food production, processing, distribution and consumption. The results show that urban and peri-urban agriculture in the Global North indeed differ in most of their characteristics and consequently also in their ability to meet the food needs of urban inhabitants. While urban agriculture still meets food needs mainly at the household level, peri-urban agriculture can provide larger quantities and has broader distribution pathways, giving it a separate status in terms of food security. Nevertheless, both possess (unused) potential, making them valuable for urban food planning, and both face similar threats regarding urbanisation pressures, necessitating adequate planning measures.

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Section: Distribution Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contributing to food security in urban areas: differences between urban agriculture and peri-urban agriculture in the Global North

et al. 2015

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“…A third, small, scale can be identified which refines analysis of strategies down to 'elements of farm adjustment' (Munton, 1990;Ilbery, 1991).…”

Section: Types Of Farm Adjustment Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In broad agreement, diversification in the Marches remains a relatively uncommon element of change, adding to the view that the initial 'bandwagon' surrounding diversification may have been more imagined (by the media in particular) than real and not matched by action 'on the ground' (for example, Evans and Ilbery, 1992a, report relatively modest figures for the existence of farm-based accommodation). Its initiation is clearly not straightforward, largely because there has been little overall erosion of the 'resistances' to farm diversification identified in the early 1990s (Ilbery, 1991). The situation appears not to have changed fundamentally despite more recent re-emphasis.…”

Section: The Diversification Elementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 4 here In Table 4, attention is confined to those businesses that have made the decision to diversify for the first time within the last five years rather than to consider all diversifiers where an explanation of the decision to diversify is contingent upon the historical context of previous rounds of adjustment to elements. It shows that income is the dominant motive for diversification, which has long been established (DART, 1974;Evans, 1990;Ilbery, 1991;Evans and Ilbery, 1992a). Most importantly, the Table reveals that the adjustment of many elements fails to reduce the strength of this motive.…”

Section: The Diversification Elementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Instead, during the late 1980s and early 1990s, the employment of the concept of a farm adjustment strategy became remarkable for its popularity in a range of papers describing different aspects of agricultural change (Marsden et al, 1989;Munton, 1990;Ilbery, 1991;Shucksmith and Smith, 1991;Bowler, 1992;Evans and Ilbery, 1992a). In the years subsequent to this peak of interest, there was a gradual retreat from the theoretical position established due to misinterpretation of the modified nature of the application of political economy , dissatisfaction with the difficulty of verifying a 'higher-order' theoretical idea through empirical evidence (Moran et al, 1993) and the gradual percolation of ideas into agricultural geography from the 'cultural turn' in human geographical thinking Evans, 1999 and2004).…”

Section: Strategies In Agriculture: Theory and Practicementioning

confidence: 99%

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Adjustment strategies revisited: Agricultural change in the Welsh Marches

Evans

2009

Journal of Rural Studies

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conditions. Subsequently, the farm adjustment strategy became remarkable for its popularity as a way to organise research into agricultural change in developed market economies. Following a retreat in the 1990s, there has been something of a recent revival in the use of the term 'strategy' relating to agricultural adjustment. Revisiting this concept is therefore timely. Using empirical evidence from studies of farming change in the Welsh Marches, this paper examines two issues. First, it makes a critical re-examination of the concept to resolve differences with interpretation linked to theoretical perspectives so that future misuse can be minimised. Second, an attempt is made to assess the relevance of defined elements of farm adjustment strategies to analyses of farm business change. In so doing, there is an attempt to recover our knowledge of agrarian restructuring and to help situate newly encultured investigations into the likely survival of family labour-based forms of production.3

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Analyzing strategic entrepreneurial choices in agriculture—Empirical evidence from Germany

Graskemper

Feil

2021

Agribusiness

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Entrepreneurship in agriculture is a phenomenon that is growing in importance with the changing framework conditions for agricultural production and has led to heterogeneity in farm business development paths. To understand this phenomenon better, a classification scheme for strategic entrepreneurial choices in agriculture is developed for family farmers. The choices that are scrutinized are reduction, continuation, expansion, diversification, and the dual strategy of expansion and diversification. Each farmer is uniquely assigned to one of these choice classes according to their implemented entrepreneurial activities. Determinants influencing these choices are investigated with a multinomial logit model. The data are derived from a quantitative survey among German farmers (N = 745). Strong effects are observable within the area of personal factors; creativity and risk affinity benefit entrepreneurial strategies connected with diversification. Farmers with a third‐level education qualification are less likely to follow expansion strategies, and those with off‐farm employment and risk‐averse farmers mainly choose a reduction strategy. Family involvement, especially the farmer's spouse, proves to have stabilizing and even enhancing effects on certain strategies. Implications for policymakers and actors within the agricultural sector can thus be derived.

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Farm diversification as an adjustment strategy on the urban fringe of the West Midlands

Cited by 236 publications

References 20 publications

Contributing to food security in urban areas: differences between urban agriculture and peri-urban agriculture in the Global North

Contributing to food security in urban areas: differences between urban agriculture and peri-urban agriculture in the Global North

Adjustment strategies revisited: Agricultural change in the Welsh Marches

Analyzing strategic entrepreneurial choices in agriculture—Empirical evidence from Germany

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