Farmed wild boars exposed to Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp.

Jokelainen, Pikka; Näreaho, Anu; Hälli, Outi; Heinonen, Mari; Sukura, Antti

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.12.026

Cited by 39 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In this study, a substantial part of wild boars tested Trichinella seropositive using a commercial ELISA. The Trichinella seroprevalence in wild boars in Estonia was *60 times higher than the estimated seroprevalence in hunted wild boars in Poland (0.68-0.74%; Bien 2006Bien , 2007, 20 times higher than that in farmed wild boars in Finland (2%; Jokelainen et al 2012), and 6 times higher than that in hunted wild boars in the Netherlands (6.8%; Van der Giessen et al 2001). Lower seroprevalences have been reported also from other European countries (Antolova et al 2006, Frey et al 2009, Payne et al 2011.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Cross-Sectional Study of Anti-Trichinella Antibody Prevalence in Domestic Pigs and Hunted Wild Boars in Estonia

Kärssin

Velström

Morales

et al. 2016

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Trichinella spp. are relevant zoonotic pathogens in Estonia. The aim of this nationwide cross-sectional study was to estimate the seroprevalence of Trichinella spp. in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) and hunted wild boars (Sus scrofa). Serum samples from 374 pigs, originating from 14 farms, and meat juice samples from 470 wild boars were tested for immunoglobulin G antibodies against Trichinella excretory/secretory antigens using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antibodies against Trichinella were not detected in the domestic pigs, indicating effective parasite control strategies in the farms. By contrast, 42.1% of the wild boars tested positive, indicating substantial infection pressure in the sylvatic cycle. Further analysis of a subset of the wild boar samples, using another ELISA and Western blot, yielded a confirmed seroprevalence estimate of 17.4%. A substantial proportion of wild boars in Estonia had evidence of exposure to Trichinella spp. and may have carried infective larvae. Undercooked Estonian wild boar meat is a potential source of Trichinella spp. infections to humans and other hosts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Cross-Sectional Study of Anti-Trichinella Antibody Prevalence in Domestic Pigs and Hunted Wild Boars in Estonia

Kärssin

Velström

Morales

et al. 2016

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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“…In Europe, T. spiralis, T. britovi, T. nativa and T. pseudospiralis have been detected. In 2010, the prevalence in farmed wild boar was 0.07 % (26/36 871), which is 1 000 higher than the prevalence reported for domestic pigs (EFSA and ECDC, 2012 (Oksanen et al, 2000;Jokelainen et al, 2012). …”

Section: Trichinella Sppmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…The seroprevalence of Trichinella spp. in farmed wild boar has been reported to be 2 % in Finland (n = 197) (Jokelainen et al, 2012).…”

Section: Inspection Methods For Trichinella Spp In Farmed Wild Boar mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ELISA is more sensitive than the traditional digestion method of muscle samples; however, false-negative reactions may occur. Farmed wild boar originating from different farms have been tested with results showing differences in antibody levels in animals according to farm (Sukura et al, 2001;Jokelainen et al, 2012). In theory, testing of animals at slaughter could be used to categorise wild boar farms, assuming that the infection status of the herd would not change and that the antibody levels would remain constant.…”

Section: Farm Element (Options For Control)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is common in wild boar in the EU, where the seroprevalence has been reported to range between 8 % and 38 %. The seroprevalence in farmed wild boar has been reported to be 33 % (n = 197) (EFSA, 2007a;Kijlstra and Jongert, 2008;Jokelainen et al, 2012). In pregnant women, the parasite can cause congenital infections (resulting in abortion, stillbirth, mortality and hydrocephalus in newborns or retinochoroidal lesions leading to chronic ocular disease) and complications (lymphadenopathy, retinitis or encephalitis).…”

Section: Toxoplasma Gondiimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from farmed game

2013

EFSA Journal

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Salmonella spp. in farmed wild boar and Toxoplasma gondii in farmed deer and farmed wild boar were ranked as a high priority for meat inspection. Trichinella spp. in wild boar was ranked as low priority due to current controls, which should be continued. For chemical hazards, all substances were ranked as medium or lower potential concern. More effective control of biological hazards could be achieved using an integrated farm to chilled carcass approach, including improved food chain information (FCI) and risk-based controls. Further studies are required on Salmonella spp. in farmed wild boar and T. gondii in farmed wild boar and farmed deer. If new information confirms a high risk to public health from meat from these species, setting targets at carcass level should be considered. Palpation and incision should be omitted, as it will not detect biological hazards considered to be a high priority for meat inspection while increasing the potential spread and crosscontamination of the carcasses with Salmonella. Palpation and/or incision may be applied where abnormalities have been detected but away from the slaughter line. However the elimination of routine palpation and incision would be detrimental for detecting tuberculosis. As farmed deer and farmed wild boar can act as tuberculosis reservoirs, any reduction in the detection, due to changes in the post-mortem inspection procedures, will have SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from several animal species, with the contribution of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) and the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW). Briefly, the main risks to public health that should be addressed by meat inspection were identified and ranked; the strengths and weaknesses of the current methods of meat inspection were evaluated; and recommendations were made for inspection methods fit for the purpose of meeting the overall objectives of meat inspection for hazards not covered by the current meat inspection system, and for adaptations of inspection methods and/or frequencies of inspections that provide an equivalent level of protection. In addition, the implications for animal health and animal welfare of any changes proposed to current inspection methods were assessed. This opinion covers the inspection of meat from farmed game, specifically farmed deer, reindeer, ostrich, wild boar and rabbit.To fulfil this mandate, the first stage in this assessment focused on identifying the biological hazards that occur in farmed game in Europe. The relevance of each biological hazard was evaluated based on two criteria: (1) any evidence that the biological hazard is transmissible to humans through the handling, preparation and/or consumption of farmed game meat; and (2) evidence that the biological hazard is present in the farmed game population in the European Union (EU). Biological hazards t...

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Occurrence of selected zoonotic food-borne parasites and first molecular identification of Alaria alata in wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Italy

et al. 2018

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Wild boar is a source of human infections with zoonotic pathogens, including food-borne parasites. With the aim of a characterization of the human exposure risk, a survey on wild boars intended for human consumption was planned, selecting three pathogens, Toxoplasma gondii, Alaria alata, and Trichinella spp., as markers of meat infection. Diaphragm muscle samples from 100 wild boars hunted in Piedmont region (Northern Italy) in two hunting seasons (2015-2016) were collected. Concerning T. gondii, a combined approach of antibody detection and molecular techniques with genotyping was performed. For the detection of A. alata and Trichinella spp., the larva migration technique and the magnetic stirrer method were employed, respectively; in addition, molecular confirmation of the morphological identification of the recovered specimen was performed. Anti-T. gondii antibodies were found in meat juice samples (43.3%) and T. gondii DNA (type II) was detected in three animals (7.1%) out of 42 seropositive examined. In none of the sampled wild boars (0%), Trichinella spp. larvae were found, whereas one animal (1%) scored positive to A. alata mesocercariae. The molecular diagnosis proved the morphological identification of the trematode. This is the first finding of A. alata in Italian wild boar population. The present study confirmed the role of wild boars as a source of parasitic zoonotic diseases and thus the risk derived for humans posed by the consumption of game meat. Considering the zoonotic implications, the results underline the importance of monitoring and surveillance of zoonotic parasites in Italian wild boar populations.

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Farmed wild boars exposed to Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp.

Cited by 39 publications

References 16 publications

Cross-Sectional Study of Anti-Trichinella Antibody Prevalence in Domestic Pigs and Hunted Wild Boars in Estonia

Cross-Sectional Study of Anti-Trichinella Antibody Prevalence in Domestic Pigs and Hunted Wild Boars in Estonia

Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from farmed game

Occurrence of selected zoonotic food-borne parasites and first molecular identification of Alaria alata in wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Italy

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