Fast and Simple Electrochemical Analysis Kit for Quality Control of Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs

Abstract

The use of multiple‐pulse amperometry (MPA) for the determination of narrow therapeutic index (NTI) drugs using batch injection analysis (BIA) with carbon screen‐printed electrodes (SPE) is proposed, seeking to develop a practical and low‐cost analysis kit for application in routine quality control of these drugs. The electrochemical behaviors of aminophylline, carbamazepine, clindamycin, colchicine, minoxidil, prazosin, procainamide, theophylline, warfarin and verapamil were evaluated in different electrolytes, but just one, the 0.1 mol L−1 phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, was chosen for determination of all the analytes. The amperometric detection was optimized as a function of the best oxidation potential for carbon SPE for each analyte, which was in a range from 0.7 to 1.1 V. The injection conditions were determined as a function of the velocity and the volume injected by the BIA system, which were 92.5 μL s−1 and 100 μL, respectively. Under these conditions, a good repeatability (RSD<3 %), high analytical frequency (>215 determinations per hour), large linear ranges and low LOD (<0.42 μmol L−1) for all the NTI drugs were obtained. Furthermore, the proposed method provided an easy qualitative analysis of the investigated analytes using MPA detection. The addition‐recovery studies in pharmaceutical samples containing NTI drugs and the comparison with official methods showed that the proposed analysis Kit is a very fast, simple and efficient alternative for quantification of these analytes.

Simple and rapid determination of clonidine in pharmaceutical samples by voltammetry using a bare glassy carbon electrode

“…Although chromatographic methods provide a robust analysis for the quality control of drugs, the electrochemical methods can offer an alternative with a lower waste generation, as well as other advantages such as rapid response, low-cost and simplicity for application in pharmaceutical samples. The advantages of electrochemical sensors have been reported for many classes of pharmaceutical compounds [11][12][13], including NTI drugs [14][15][16][17][18][19]. Among electroanalytical methods, cyclic voltammetry (CV) is often used to understand the electrochemical behavior of an electroactive compound.…”

Perspectives for Recognition and Rapid Detection of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria Based on Electrochemical Sensors

“…In addition to the theoretical and semi-theoretical sensors, the number of POC and commercial kits is undeniably increasing [17,18]. These devices are more inseparable from electrochemical sensing technology [19,20]. Furthermore, innovative, efficient, and commercial equipment must be a durative goal.…”

Detection and quantification of warfarin in pharmaceutical dosage form and in spiked human plasma using surface enhanced Raman scattering

“…TDM requires determining drug concentrations in a biological matrix at certain times relative to administration. Various methods have been proposed for warfarin determination, such as High performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with ultraviolet (UV) [5][6][7] and fluorescence [8] detectors, fluorimetry [9], ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry [10], supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry [11], capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry [12] and electrochemistry [13,14].…”