Fast Printing and In Situ Morphology Observation of Organic Photovoltaics Using Slot‐Die Coating

Liu, Feng; Ferdous, Sunzida; Schaible, Eric; Hexemer, Alexander; Church, Matthew; Ding, Xiaodong; Wang, Cheng; Russell, Thomas P.

doi:10.1002/adma.201404040

Cited by 128 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Previous real time X-ray scattering work based on P3HT:PCBM was not able to analyzed the scattering peak from acceptors due to the low diffraction signal from PCBM, as well as overlapping peak position with halogenated solvent scattering [36,38,40] . Longer exposure time, ~10s could improve the diffraction intensity from PCBM but sacrifices the frame rates [39] .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Barrena et al examined the structure evolution of doctor blade coated P3HT:PCBM solar cells to understand morphology evolution for the P3HT donor [40][41][42] . Similarly, Herzig et al examined the structure evolution of slot-die coated P3HT:PCBM solar cells [34] , and Russll et al examined the examined the structure evolution of slot-die coated diketopyrrolopyrrole and quaterthiophene (DPPBT) :PCBM solar cells [38] . More recently, Richter and DeLongchamp et al used real-time X-ray diffraction to understand the solvent additive effect in polymer:fullerene and small-molecules:fullerene solar cells.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Comparison of the Morphology Development of Polymer–Fullerene and Polymer–Polymer Solar Cells during Solution‐Shearing Blade Coating

Yan

Kurosawa

et al. 2016

Advanced Energy Materials

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In this work, the detailed morphology studies of polymer poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT):fullerene(PCBM) and polymer(P3HT):polymer naphthalene diimide thiophene (PNDIT) solar cell are presented to understand the challenge for getting high performance all‐polymer solar cells. The in situ X‐ray scattering and optical interferometry and ex situ hard and soft X‐ray scattering and imaging techniques are used to characterize the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) ink during drying and in dried state. The crystallization of P3HT polymers in P3HT:PCBM bulk heterojunction shows very different behavior compared to that of P3HT:PNDIT BHJ due to different mobilities of P3HT in the donor:acceptor glass. Supplemented by the ex situ grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction and soft X‐ray scattering, PNDIT has a lower tendency to form a mixed phase with P3HT than PCBM, which may be the key to inhibit the donor polymer crystallization process, thus creating preferred small phase separation between the donor and acceptor polymer.

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Comparison of the Morphology Development of Polymer–Fullerene and Polymer–Polymer Solar Cells during Solution‐Shearing Blade Coating

Yan

Kurosawa

et al. 2016

Advanced Energy Materials

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“…Liu and co-workers followed with in-situ GISAXS (and GIWAXS) the printing of the conjugated polymer:fullerene system DPPBT:PCBM and reported a polymer-aggregation-phase-separation-crystallization mechanism for the evolution of the morphology. [147] or all such experiments the use of custom-made printing devices which have to be mounted into the synchrotron beamline are an essential part of the study. For example Gu and co-workers developed a compact R2R coater that was capable of tracking the crystallization process of semiconducting polymers during solution printing using x-ray scattering at synchrotron beamlines.…”

Section: Wwwadvancedsciencenewscommentioning

confidence: 99%

π‐Conjugated Donor Polymers: Structure Formation and Morphology in Solution, Bulk and Photovoltaic Blends

Hildner

Köhler

Müller‐Buschbaum

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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The field of conjugated polymers has expanded in the last years considerably and impressive performance, both in field effect transistors and photovoltaic devices has been achieved. After the initial emphasis on improving the performance, more emphasis is recently given to fundamental studies on structure formation. Therefore, this review concentrates on systematic correlation studies of structure formation in solution, in bulk and thin films as well as in photovoltaic blends of donor‐type π‐conjugated polymers. The main focus is on the correlation of structure, morphology and molecular chain orientation as a function of macromolecular properties such as molecular weight, dispersity, non‐covalent intramolecular and intermolecular interactions, solvent interactions and innovative processing techniques. The tools applied for elucidating fundamental information of structure formation and orientation mainly consist of optical spectroscopy and scattering techniques (SAXS/WAXS/GIWAXS). Since the field of conjugated polymers is very vast in terms of chemical structural diversity, only selected examples of donor polymers are covered here and the emerging class of n‐type conjugated polymers are not included. The focus is not on the structural variation or their performance in solar cells or transistors in terms of record efficiencies, but on the systematic studies leading to a structure‐property correlation in donor polymers.

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“…Recently, the first attempt of a slot die coater adaptable to synchrotron beamlines was introduced and mechanisms of structure formation of printed films were shown. 9,10 To understand the self-assembly processes in thin organic films, advanced setups for in situ characterization implemented into a synchrotron instrument are required, while having control over various parameters. [11][12][13] In this work, we design and fabricate a modular chamber for the slot die coater that was previously introduced.…”

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“…[11][12][13] In this work, we design and fabricate a modular chamber for the slot die coater that was previously introduced. 9,10 This chamber enables full control during the printing of thin films while allowing for in situ characterization of the film formation. It is capable of a) Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: eva.herzig@ph.…”

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confidence: 99%

Note: Setup for chemical atmospheric control during in situ grazing incidence X-ray scattering of printed thin films

Pröller

González

Zhu

et al. 2017

Review of Scientific Instruments

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In order to tailor the assembling of polymers and organic molecules, a deeper understanding of the kinetics involved in thin film production is necessary. While post-production characterization only provides insight on the final film structure, more sophisticated experimental setups are needed to probe the structure formation processes in situ during deposition. The drying kinetics of a deposited organic thin film strongly influences the assembling process on the nanometer scale. This work presents an experimental setup that enables fine control of the atmosphere composition surrounding the sample during slot die coating, while simultaneously probing the film formation kinetics using in situ grazing incidence X-ray scattering and spectroscopy.

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Fast Printing and In Situ Morphology Observation of Organic Photovoltaics Using Slot‐Die Coating

Cited by 128 publications

References 27 publications

Comparison of the Morphology Development of Polymer–Fullerene and Polymer–Polymer Solar Cells during Solution‐Shearing Blade Coating

Comparison of the Morphology Development of Polymer–Fullerene and Polymer–Polymer Solar Cells during Solution‐Shearing Blade Coating

π‐Conjugated Donor Polymers: Structure Formation and Morphology in Solution, Bulk and Photovoltaic Blends

Note: Setup for chemical atmospheric control during in situ grazing incidence X-ray scattering of printed thin films

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