Fast Readout Architectures for Large Arrays of Digital Pixels: Examples and Applications

Abstract

Modern pixel detectors, particularly those designed and constructed for applications and experiments for high-energy physics, are commonly built implementing general readout architectures, not specifically optimized in terms of speed. High-energy physics experiments use bidimensional matrices of sensitive elements located on a silicon die. Sensors are read out via other integrated circuits bump bonded over the sensor dies. The speed of the readout electronics can significantly increase the overall performance of the system, and so here novel forms of readout architectures are studied and described. These circuits have been investigated in terms of speed and are particularly suited for large monolithic, low-pitch pixel detectors. The idea is to have a small simple structure that may be expanded to fit large matrices without affecting the layout complexity of the chip, while maintaining a reasonably high readout speed. The solutions might be applied to devices for applications not only in physics but also to general-purpose pixel detectors whenever online fast data sparsification is required. The paper presents also simulations on the efficiencies of the systems as proof of concept for the proposed ideas.

Overview of Ultrasound Detection Technologies for Photoacoustic Imaging

“…The number of cable connections can be reduced by multiplexing, however that has negative consequences such as limited bandwidth and slower processing [139]. CMOS technology-based application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) [140] is a novel technology, applicable to micromachined transducers, that is capable of integrating the AFE along with preamplifiers immediately after the ultrasound waves are received [141]. Philips, GE, and Siemens have successfully implemented ASICs within their probes (Philips X7-2t [142], GE 6VT-D [143], Siemens Z6M [144]).…”