Fatal Thyroid Storm in the Setting of Untreated Graves Disease and Use of the Synthetic Cannabinoid MDMB-4en-PINACA

Ricciardo, Sean; Hastings, Stephen

doi:10.1097/paf.0000000000000852

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…However, there is no information on its concentrations or any postmortem findings. Ricciardo reported a case of finding MDMB-4en-PINACA in a case of fatal thyroid storm, but they were not able to quantify the MDMB-4-en-PINACA due to prior embalming [ 36 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatal Overdose with the Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists MDMB-4en-PINACA and 4F-ABUTINACA: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Simon

Kuźma

Mayer

et al. 2023

Toxics

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A case of a 26-year-old male who died from consuming synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists MDMB-4en-PINACA and 4F-ABUTINACA is reported. MDMB-4en-PINACA and 4F-ABUTINACA are potent synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs). This is the first detailed reporting of MDMB-4-en-PINACA and 4F-ABUTINACA associated fatality, which can help the routine forensic work. The scientific literature on the symptoms associated with these substances are evaluated, along with the pharmacological properties and possible mechanism of death. A forensic autopsy was performed according to Recommendation No. R (99)3 of the Council of Europe on medico-legal autopsies. Histological samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). Complement component C9 immunohistochemistry was applied to all heart samples. Toxicological analyses were carried out by supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (SFC-MS/MS) and headspace gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (HS-GC-FID). The literature was reviewed to identify reported cases of MDMB-4en-PINACA and 4F-ABUTINACA use. Autopsy findings included brain edema, internal congestion, petechial bleeding, pleural ecchymoses, and blood fluidity. Toxicological analyses determined 7.2 ng/mL of MDMB-4en-PINACA and 9.1 ng/mL of 4F-ABUTINACA in the peripheral blood. MDMB-4en-PINACA and 4F-ABUTINACA are strong, potentially lethal SCRA, and their exact effects and outcome are unpredictable.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatal Overdose with the Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists MDMB-4en-PINACA and 4F-ABUTINACA: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Simon

Kuźma

Mayer

et al. 2023

Toxics

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“…Two patients experienced acute respiratory distress despite medical efforts and expired [46,121]. One patient died of MOF within hours of resuscitation of three cardiac arrests after complete heart block [239]. Chao et al reported the death of two male patients: one patient died due to MOF while on ECMO and one due to CS [59].…”

Section: (B) Non-pharmacological Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Data Analysis and Systematic Scoping Review on the Pathogenesis and Modalities of Treatment of Thyroid Storm Complicated with Myocardial Involvement and Shock

Elmenyar,

Aoun,

Al Saadi

et al. 2023

Diagnostics

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Thyroid storm (TS) is a rare and fatal endocrine emergency that occurs due to undiagnosed and inadequately treated hyperthyroidism after stressful conditions in patients with thyroid disorders. The objective of this systematic scoping review was to better understand the pathophysiology of TS and its complications, in terms of myocardial affection, tachyarrhythmia, and cardiogenic shock. In addition, we explored the pharmacological, mechanical, and surgical treatments for TS. We also evaluated the outcomes of TS according to sex and cardiac involvement. Additionally, analytical analysis was performed on the selected data. A literature review of peer-reviewed journals was carried out thoroughly using medical terms, MeSH on PubMed, Google Scholar, and combinations such as thyrotoxicosis-induced cardiomyopathy, thyroid storm, cardiogenic shock, myocardial infarction, endocrine emergency, Burch–Wartofsky score, extracorporeal circulatory support, and thyroidectomy. A total of 231 papers were eligible (2 retrospective studies, 5 case series, and 224 case reports) with a total of 256 TS patients with cardiac involvement between April 2003 and August 2023. All age groups, sexes, patients with TS-induced cardiomyopathy, non-atherosclerotic myocardial infarction, tachyarrhythmia, heart failure, shock, and different forms of treatment were discussed. Non-English language articles, cases without cardiac involvement, and cases in which treatment modalities were not specified were excluded. Female sex was predominant, with 154 female and 102 male patients. Approximately 82% of patients received beta-blockers (BBs), 16.3% were placed on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support, 16.3% received therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE), and 13.8% underwent continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVHD), or dialysis. Overall, 18 females and 16 males died. BB-induced circulatory collapse, acute renal failure, CRRT, and ventricular fibrillation were significantly associated with mortality. Awareness of TS and not only thyrotoxicosis is vital for timely and appropriate treatment. The early diagnosis and management of TS in cardiac settings, including pharmacological, mechanical, and surgical modalities, can save high-risk patients. Sex matters in the presentation, treatment, and mortality of this population. However, further large-scale, and well-designed studies are required.

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Adverse Ocular Impact and Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: A Narrative Review

Bondok,

Nguyen,

Lando

et al. 2024

OPTH

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Cannabis is the most used drug worldwide with an estimated 219 million users. This narrative review aims to explore the adverse effects and therapeutic applications of cannabis and cannabinoids on the eye, given its growing clinical and non-clinical uses. The current literature reports several adverse ocular effects of cannabis and cannabinoids, including eyelid tremor, ptosis, reduced corneal endothelial cell density, dry eyes, red eyes, and neuro-retinal dysfunction. Cannabinoids may transiently impair night vision, depth perception, binocular and monocular contrast sensitivity, and dynamic visual acuity. Cannabinoids are not currently considered a first-line treatment option for any ocular conditions. Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol been shown to result in short-term intraocular pressure reduction, but insufficient evidence to support its use in treating glaucoma exists. Potential therapeutic applications of cannabinoids include their use as a second-line agent for treatment-refractory blepharospasm, for dry eye disease given corneal anti-inflammatory properties, and for suppression of pendular nystagmus in individuals with multiple sclerosis, which all necessitate further research for informed clinical practices.

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Fatal Thyroid Storm in the Setting of Untreated Graves Disease and Use of the Synthetic Cannabinoid MDMB-4en-PINACA

Cited by 3 publications

References 20 publications

Fatal Overdose with the Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists MDMB-4en-PINACA and 4F-ABUTINACA: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Fatal Overdose with the Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists MDMB-4en-PINACA and 4F-ABUTINACA: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Data Analysis and Systematic Scoping Review on the Pathogenesis and Modalities of Treatment of Thyroid Storm Complicated with Myocardial Involvement and Shock

Adverse Ocular Impact and Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: A Narrative Review

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