Fate, distribution, and bioconcentration of pesticides impact on the organic farms of Cameron Highlands, Malaysia

Abstract

Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), and pyrethroid pesticides (PYRs) residues in the leafy vegetables were analyzed together with the soil samples using gas chromatography-electron capture detector. Edible tissues of vegetables showed detectable residues of these compounds indicating the influence of the conventional farms and nearby organic farms. In the vegetables, the OCPs concentrations were recorded as nd-133.3 ng/g, OPPs as nd-200 ng/g, and PYRs as nd-33.3 ng/g. In the soil, the OCPs concentrations were recorded as nd-30.6 ng/g, OPPs as nd-26.6 ng/g, and for PYRs as nd-6.7 ng/g. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) was higher for the OPPs (0.3) than the OCPs and PYRs (1.1). The OCPs concentration in the vegetables decreased in the following order: spinach > celery > broccoli > cauliflower > cabbage > lettuce > mustard. For OPPs, the concentration decreased in the following order: cauliflower > spinach > celery > cabbage > broccoli > lettuce > mustard and for PYRs as spinach > celery > lettuce > cabbage > broccoli. Principal component analysis indicates that the sources of these pesticides are not the same, and the pesticide application on the vegetables depends on the type of crop. There is a significant positive correlation between OPPs and the soil (r = 0.65) as compared to OCPs and PYRs (r = 0.1) as the vegetables accumulated OPPs more efficiently than OCPs and PYRs.

Determination of Pesticides Residue by GC-ECD in Vegetables from Cameron Highlands, Malaysia and Their Human Health Risk Assessment

“…After loading the acetonitrile extract, the elution was brought about at a ow rate of 5.0 mL/min by the mixture of 5.0 mL acetone-toluene. The eluate was evaporated under nitrogen stream up to 0.5 mL followed by the addition of PCNB (1.0 µg mL -1 ) solution in acetone as an IS and analysis by GC-ECD method (Farina et al, 2018).…”

“…Baker, USA and Darmstadt, Germany). The rotary evaporator (Model A 1000s) and glass blender (Model HGB 2QWTS3) were used during experimental work (Farina et al, 2017;Farina et al, 2018).…”

Pesticide residue exposure effect on health, growth, and development among children from agricultural area

“…Different levels of pesticide concentration in different plants have even been measured in the exact location. Organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) have higher bioconcentration factors in certain plants than organochlorine and pyrethroid group compounds [6]. Potential magnification of pesticide concentrations in the human body tissue when these plants are consumed may induce several adverse effects depending on intake and health status.…”

Exposure to Airborne Pesticides and Its Residue in Blood Serum of Paddy Farmers in Malaysia

“…There are limited studies on pesticide contamination in personal air samples, particularly the ‘currently used pesticides (CUPs)’. Most studies focused on older generation and persistent pesticides such as organochlorine (OC) and organophosphate (OP) groups [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. CUPs have been preferred in recent years and are widely and rampantly used in Malaysia since they exhibit lower environmental persistence.…”