Fatores intrínsecos do custo energético da locomoção durante a natação

Abstract

The amount of metabolic energy spent in transporting the body mass of the subject over a unit of distance has been defined as the energy cost of locomotion, or regarding to swimming, cost of swimming. The differences in the cost of swimming between the individuals seem to be influenced by two main factors, the hydrodynamic resistance and technical skill of the swimmer. The lower cost of swimming showed by females has been attributed to a smaller hydrodynamic resistance due to their smaller size, larger percentage fat and more streamlined position. However, the difference in cost of swimming between males and females disappears when correcting for body size. With regard to children, the higher energy cost of swimming when correcting for body size may be caused by the lower swimming technique showed by them. For individuals with the same anthropometric characteristics, the better swimming technique and larger size of propelling surface, associated with higher propelling efficiency, may decrease the energy cost of swimming. When comparing different types of strokes, the most economical stroke is crawl, followed by backstroke, irrespective the swimming velocity. Butterfly is the less economical at low velocities (< 0.8 m·s -1 ). However, above that velocity the breaststroke become the less economical stroke.

A Method for Estimating the Velocity at Which Anaerobic Metabolism Begins in Swimming Fish

“…Fish metabolism is also affected by many ecological factors [39,40]. Stimulation caused by changing hydraulic factors in fish courses will often lead to fish exhibiting behavioral responses, and these behavioral changes can cause significant metabolic changes, which in turn cause changes in energy requirements [41].…”

Body segments and biological maturation to estimate the propulsive force of the arm in young swimmers

“…Our results, corroborates the idea of evaluating peak height velocity (PHV) as a biological maturation indicator 25 and a predictor related to generating propulsive force of the arm in young swimmers. In addition, Caputo et al 26 reported that for short duration events in which the power production capacity is considered a key variable, physical characteristics such as body height, arm span, body composition, and somatotype can also contribute to the level of performance. These morphological attributes largely depend on genetic factors and may have a decisive influence on swimming performance 27 .…”

Prevalence and Impact of the Relative Age Effect on Competition Performance in Swimming: A Systematic Review

“…Moving through the aquatic environment requires greater energy expenditure [32], given that water is approximately 800 times denser than air, and therefore, the swimmer will have to overcome the resistance it offers in order to move forward [33]. Furthermore, only part of the force applied by the swimmer is translated into propulsive force [34], which is what allows the swimmer to move forward. Therefore, another important factor that determines success in this sport is related to the athlete's ability to maximise propulsive force and reduce resistance to progress offered by the aquatic environment [35], which in turn is closely related to, among other aspects, the technical ability of the individual.…”