Fatty Acids from Ganoderma lucidum Spores: Extraction, Identification and Quantification

Abstract

Ganoderma lucidum is a rich and promising source of bioactive compounds capable of positively influencing the human health. For this reason, G. lucidum is the target of vigorous investigational activities, focusing on the extraction of substances with potential biomedical applications, as well as on the improvement of analytical methodologies for their screening. In the present study, three different extraction processes (i.e., extraction with n-hexane, in Soxhlet apparatus with n-hexane and reflux with chloroform) were employed to evaluate the lipid content of G. lucidum spores. The experimental data from the produced extracts were compared with ones from the commercial liquid extract obtained with supercritical CO2 extraction of G. lucidum spores. To achieve this goal, the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methodology was optimized for an accurate and reliable identification and quantification of fatty acids in triglycerides of G. lucidum spores. Significant amounts of oleic and palmitic acids were found in the examined extracts. In particular, our findings show that economical and convenient extraction procedures, which are simple, low cost and no need for expensive tools, allow to produce extracts with a lipid composition similar to the one obtained with hard strategies of extraction.

Comparative Toxicological Evaluation of Tattoo Inks on Two Model Organisms

“…From the calibration plots, the intercept and slope were obtained together with the corresponding standard deviations ( and ), calculated from the calibration data according to standard statistical procedures [ 32 ]. The standard deviation of the intercept, , was then used to calculate the method detection limit (LOD) according to the formula: ; and the quantification limit (LOQ) according to the formula: [ 33 , 34 ]. LOD and LOQ for PR170 were, respectively, 0.08 and 0.26 mg/L.…”

Effect of γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) on the Metabolome of Two Strains of Lasiodiplodia theobromae Isolated from Grapevine

“…The standard deviation of the intercept, , is used to calculate the method detection limit (LOD), according to the formula: LOD = ; and the quantification limit (LOQ), according to the formula: LOQ = [ 43 ].…”

Mushroom oils: A review of their production, composition, and potential applications

“…velutipes, Lactarius salmonicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus, Polyporus squamosus, and Russula anthracina ) in from Anatolia where all selected species were reported to have cis -linoleic acid contributing to the highest portion in the fatty acid composition, which varied from 22.39 % to 65.29 % [ 18 ]. Majority of the literatures reveal that PUFAs including linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, γ-linolenic acid, were the major fatty acids in being extracted from mushroom biomass, with linoleic acid being the most abundant PUFA and this evidence suggested that linoleic acid plays a crucial role in mushroom metabolism, in which the level of fatty acid will be affected based on the growth conditions, substrate, and other environmental factors [ [16] , [17] , [18] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] ].…”

“…According to the findings demonstrated by Barros, Baptista [ 17 ], the percentages of oleic acid were higher than linoleic acid in Lactarius deliciosus , Sarcodon imbricatus , and Tricholoma portentosum , with the oleic acid to linoleic acid percentage ratio (%: %) of 41.26 : 17.06, 45.06 : 35.38, and 58.36 : 30.88, respectively [ 17 ]. Another study from Italy revealed that oleic acid was the predominant species of fatty acid in the fatty acid composition of Ganoderma lucidum with a remarkably high percentage of 60.1 %–68.4 %, obtained by performing different extraction techniques [ 22 ]. It had been observed that oleic acid was the main fatty acid with the greatest percentage in the biomass of Russula anthracina (52.11 %) in the fatty acid composition analysis [ 18 ].…”

“…It had been observed that oleic acid was the main fatty acid with the greatest percentage in the biomass of Russula anthracina (52.11 %) in the fatty acid composition analysis [ 18 ]. In addition to oleic acid, there were different MUFA being reported as the constituents of the fatty acid composition of mushroom species, such as, palmitoleic acid, eicosenoic acid, myristoleic acid, pentadecanoic acid, heptadecenoic acid, erucic acid, and nervonic acid, however, the level of these fatty acids are comparatively low to oleic acid level in the majority of the studied mushroom species [ [16] , [17] , [18] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] ].…”