Faulting and fissuring in active oceanic rift: Surface expression, distribution and tectonic–volcanic interaction in the Thingvellir Fissure Swarm, Iceland

Sonnette, Lionel; Angelier, Jacques; Villemin, Thierry; Bergerat, Françoise

doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2010.01.003

Cited by 28 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Therefore, the maximum displacement of 4.5 cm at a layer thickness of 19 cm translates to 23.7 % displacement. Modeling material as well as our experimental setup is based on previous analogue models of dilatant fault networks (Holland et al, 2006(Holland et al, , 2011van Gent et al, 2010). We used hemihydrate (CaSO 4 × 0.5 H 2 O) powder because it has a well-known cohesion and tensile strength and can develop vertical walls.…”

Section: Analogue Modeling Of Dilatant Faults In a Jointed Host Rockmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it is suitable to implement cohesionless joints into the models and produce dilatant faults and open fractures. The properties of the material are well known (van Gent et al, 2010). The powder compacts easily, and increasing sieving height leads to higher densities in the sandbox.…”

Section: Analogue Modeling Of Dilatant Faults In a Jointed Host Rockmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The powder compacts easily, and increasing sieving height leads to higher densities in the sandbox. This trend stops at a sieving height of about 30 cm, at which the powder reaches a constant velocity due to a balance of air friction and gravity (Holland et al, 2011;van Gent et al, 2010). After sieving from a height > 30 cm, the powder has a density of 732 kg m 3 and a porosity of 75 %.…”

Section: Analogue Modeling Of Dilatant Faults In a Jointed Host Rockmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most prominent large-scale examples can be found not only at mid-ocean ridges (Angelier et al, 1997;Friese, 2008;Sonnette et al, 2010;Wright, 1998), intra-plate volcanoes (Holland et al, 2006), continental rifts (Acocella et al, 2003) but also in cemented carbonates and clastics (Ferrill and Morris, 2003;Moore and Schultz, 1999). They form major pathways for fluid flow, such as water, hydrocarbons or magma, and consequently are of great interest for water and energy supply, geohazard assessment and geodynamics (e.g., Belayneh et al, 2006;Caine et al, 1996;Crone and Haller, 1991;Ehrenberg and Nadeau, 2005;Gudmundsson et al, 2001;Lonergan et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They form major pathways for fluid flow, such as water, hydrocarbons or magma, and consequently are of great interest for water and energy supply, geohazard assessment and geodynamics (e.g., Belayneh et al, 2006;Caine et al, 1996;Crone and Haller, 1991;Ehrenberg and Nadeau, 2005;Gudmundsson et al, 2001;Lonergan et al, 2007). Several first-order models for the formation of dilatant fault networks exist (e.g., Abdelmalak et al, 2012;Abe et al, 2011;Acocella et al, 2003;Grant and Kattenhorn, 2004;Hardy, 2013;Holland et al, 2006Holland et al, , 2011van Gent et al, 2010;Vitale and Isaia, 2014;Walter and Troll, 2001). However, the influence of pre-existing cohesionless joints on the formation of faults and fractures is largely untested, although this may have great influence on the fault's geometry and evolution (e.g., Butler, 1989;Giambiagi et al, 2003;McGill and Stromquist, 1979;Schultz-Ela and Walsh, 2002;Virgo et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dilatant normal faulting in jointed cohesive rocks: a physical model study

et al. 2016

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Abstract. Dilatant faults often form in rocks containing preexisting joints, but the effects of joints on fault segment linkage and fracture connectivity are not well understood. We present an analogue modeling study using cohesive powder with pre-formed joint sets in the upper layer, varying the angle between joints and a rigid basement fault. We analyze interpreted map-view photographs at maximum displacement for damage zone width, number of connected joints, number of secondary fractures, degree of segmentation and area fraction of massively dilatant fractures. Particle imaging velocimetry provides insight into the deformation history of the experiments and illustrates the localization pattern of fault segments. Results show that with increasing angle between joint-set and basement-fault strike the number of secondary fractures and the number of connected joints increase, while the area fraction of massively dilatant fractures shows only a minor increase. Models without pre-existing joints show far lower area fractions of massively dilatant fractures while forming distinctly more secondary fractures.

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Section: Analogue Modeling Of Dilatant Faults In a Jointed Host Rockmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Analogue Modeling Of Dilatant Faults In a Jointed Host Rockmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Analogue Modeling Of Dilatant Faults In a Jointed Host Rockmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dilatant normal faulting in jointed cohesive rocks: a physical model study

et al. 2016

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Fault and graben growth along active magmatic divergent plate boundaries in Iceland and Ethiopia

et al. 2015

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Recent studies highlight the importance of annual‐scale dike‐induced rifting episodes in developing normal faults and graben along the active axis of magmatic divergent plate boundaries (MDPB). However, the longer‐term (102–105 years) role of diking on the cumulative surface deformation and evolution of MDPB is not yet well understood. To better understand the longer‐term normal faults and graben along the axis of MDPB, we analyze fissure swarms in Iceland and Ethiopia. We first focus on the simplest case of immature fissure swarms, with single dike‐fed eruptive fissures; these consist of a <1 km wide graben bordered by normal faults with displacement up to a few meters, consistent with theoretical models and geodetic data. A similar structural pattern is found, with asymmetric and multiple graben, within wider mature fissure swarms, formed by several dike‐fed eruptive fissures. We then consider the lateral termination of normal faults along these grabens to detect their upward or downward propagation. Most faults terminate as open fractures on flat surface, suggesting downward fault propagation; this is consistent with recent experiments showing dike‐induced normal faults propagating downward from the surface. However, some normal faults also terminate as open fractures on monoclines, which resemble fault propagation folds; this suggests upward propagation of reactivated buried faults, promoted by diking. These results suggest that fault growth and graben development, as well as the longer‐term evolution of the axis of MDPB, may be explained only through dike emplacement and that any amagmatic faulting is not necessary.

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Iceland, an Emerging Ocean Rift

Bergerat¹,

Vliët-Lanoé²

2021

Iceland Within the Northern Atlantic 1

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Faulting and fissuring in active oceanic rift: Surface expression, distribution and tectonic–volcanic interaction in the Thingvellir Fissure Swarm, Iceland

Cited by 28 publications

References 69 publications

Dilatant normal faulting in jointed cohesive rocks: a physical model study

Dilatant normal faulting in jointed cohesive rocks: a physical model study

Fault and graben growth along active magmatic divergent plate boundaries in Iceland and Ethiopia

Iceland, an Emerging Ocean Rift

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