Fe3O4-PDA-Lipase as Surface Functionalized Nano Biocatalyst for the Production of Biodiesel Using Waste Cooking Oil as Feedstock: Characterization and Process Optimization

Abstract

Synthesis of surface modified/multi-functional nanoparticles has become a vital research area of material science. In the present work, iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles prepared by solvo-thermal method were functionalized by polydopamine. The catechol groups of polydopamine at the surface of nanoparticles provided the sites for the attachment of Aspergillus terreus AH-F2 lipase through adsorption, Schiff base and Michael addition mechanisms. The strategy was revealed to be facile and efficacious, as lipase immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles grant the edge of ease in recovery with utilizing external magnet and reusability of lipase. Maximum activity of free lipase was estimated to be 18.32 U/mg/min while activity of Fe3O4-PDA-Lipase was 17.82 U/mg/min (showing 97.27% residual activity). The lipase immobilized on polydopamine coated iron oxide (Fe3O4_PDA_Lipase) revealed better adoptability towards higher levels of temperature/pH comparative to free lipase. The synthesized (Fe3O4_PDA_Lipase) catalyst was employed for the preparation of biodiesel from waste cooking oil by enzymatic transesterification. Five factors response surface methodology was adopted for optimizing reaction conditions. The highest yield of biodiesel (92%) was achieved at 10% Fe3O4_PDA_Lipase percentage concentration, 6:1 CH3OH to oil ratio, 37 °C temperature, 0.6% water content and 30 h of reaction time. The Fe3O4-PDA-Lipase activity was not very affected after first four cycles and retained 25.79% of its initial activity after seven cycles. The nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR (Fourier transfer infrared) Spectroscopy, XRD (X-ray diffraction) and TEM (transmission electron microscopy), grafting of polydopamine on nanoparticles was confirmed by FTIR and formation of biodiesel was evaluated by FTIR and GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis.

Biodiesel production by lipase‐catalyzed reactions: bibliometric analysis and study of trends

“…They have high surface reaction activity, high adsorption ability, and large specific surface area, characteristics that allow using high enzyme loadings in biocatalyst preparations. Lipase immobilized on nanocarriers therefore frequently shows high enzyme activity, selectivity, thermal stability, and adaptability to wide pH ranges as well as easy recovery and purification 40,41 . The technique has been increasingly studied, as evidenced by the number of publications on biodiesel + lipase + nanoparticles and biodiesel + lipase + magnetic nanoparticles (Fig.…”

“…These materials are applied in bioseparation, medical science, the food industry, and environmental analysis 46 . The most relevant types of nanoparticles are those synthesized using iron, nickel, chromium, cobalt, manganese, or their oxides 41 …”

Removal of Sulfadiazine Using 3D Interconnected Petal-Like Magnetic Reduced Graphene Oxide (MrGO) Nanocomposites

“…In the 2θ range of 20-25 • , the rGO sample shows a broad diffraction peak, which corresponds to the (002) plane of rGO amorphous carbon [23]. As shown in the spectra of MrGO-1, MrGO-2, and MrGO-3 samples, the weak signals of rGO could also be tracked [24]. With increasing content of rGO, the corresponding peaks of the nanocomposites became increasingly obvious.…”

Fabrication and Optimization of Nanocatalyst for Biodiesel Production: An Overview

“…With increasing time, there has been an ultimate shift to fossil fuels, which accounts for the majority of energy production (Le Quynh et al, 2017;Youse et al, 2019). Incessant globalization and industrialization has led to spike in the utilization of fossil fuel products like petroleum and coal (Touqeer et al, 2020). As global energy consumption is mainly dependent on the endangered and depleting fossil fuel reservoirs, the need for renewable energy or fuel sources is growing due to the ever-increasing demand.…”