“…Uncertainty is produced by fluctuations in traffic and affected by many other factors, such as traffic demand (e.g., due to population characteristics, seasonal effects, time instant, driver behavior, the availability of traffic information, and user responses), traffic control (e.g., due to accidents, road work, and road geometry), weather conditions (e.g., due to temperature, rain, snow, and wind), stochastic arrivals and departures at signalized intersections [1], and the travel direction of traffic flows. These random fluctuations are often complicated and difficult to predict.…”