Fecal and Urinary Adipokines as Disease Biomarkers

Abstract

The use of biomarkers is of great clinical value for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease and the assessment of treatment efficacy. In this context, adipokines secreted from adipose tissue are of interest, as their elevated circulating levels are associated with a range of metabolic dysfunctions, inflammation, renal and hepatic diseases and cancers. In addition to serum, adipokines can also be detected in the urine and feces, and current experimental evidence on the analysis of fecal and urinary adipokine levels points to their potential as disease biomarkers. This includes increased urinary adiponectin, lipocalin-2, leptin and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in renal diseases and an association of elevated urinary chemerin as well as urinary and fecal lipocalin-2 levels with active inflammatory bowel diseases. Urinary IL-6 levels are also upregulated in rheumatoid arthritis and may become an early marker for kidney transplant rejection, while fecal IL-6 levels are increased in decompensated liver cirrhosis and acute gastroenteritis. In addition, galectin-3 levels in urine and stool may emerge as a biomarker for several cancers. With the analysis of urine and feces from patients being cost-efficient and non-invasive, the identification and utilization of adipokine levels as urinary and fecal biomarkers could become a great advantage for disease diagnosis and predicting treatment outcomes. This review article highlights data on the abundance of selected adipokines in urine and feces, underscoring their potential to serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.

Serum Galectin-3 as a Non-Invasive Marker for Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

“…Galectin-3 plays a role in several diseases and has been described as a biomarker for different types of cancer, liver disease, kidney disease, and heart failure [36,43]. In IBD, serum galectin-3 was not in patients who developed tumors during therapy.…”

“…Urinary proteins are increasingly recognized as biomarkers for a range of diseases [36]. Elevation of galectin-3 in urine may serve as a marker for progressive kidney injury and renal fibrosis.…”

“…Elevation of galectin-3 in urine may serve as a marker for progressive kidney injury and renal fibrosis. Additionally, it has been identified as a biomarker for heart failure and various cancers [36][37][38].…”