Fecal lactoferrin and Clostridium spp. in stools of autistic children

Martirosian, Gayane; Ekiel, Alicja; Aptekorz, Małgorzata; Wiechuła, Barbara; Kazek, Beata; Jankowska‐Steifer, Ewa; Jóźwiak, Jarosław; Moskalewski, Stanisław

doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2010.12.003

Cited by 26 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Gastrointestinal symptoms correspond with ASD severity and gastrointestinal symptoms are common in individuals with ASD [Adams et al, ]. Elevated fecal LTF has indeed been observed in some individuals with ASD [Martirosian et al, ], consistent with our results in saliva.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

A Pilot Proteomic Analysis of Salivary Biomarkers in Autism Spectrum Disorder

et al. 2015

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence is increasing, with current estimates at 1/68-1/50 individuals diagnosed with an ASD. Diagnosis is based on behavioral assessments. Early diagnosis and intervention is known to greatly improve functional outcomes in people with ASD. Diagnosis, treatment monitoring and prognosis of ASD symptoms could be facilitated with biomarkers to complement behavioral assessments. Mass spectrometry (MS) based proteomics may help reveal biomarkers for ASD. In this pilot study, we have analyzed the salivary proteome in individuals with ASD compared to neurotypical control subjects, using MS-based proteomics. Our goal is to optimize methods for salivary proteomic biomarker discovery and to identify initial putative biomarkers in people with ASDs. The salivary proteome is virtually unstudied in ASD, and saliva could provide an easily accessible biomaterial for analysis. Using nano liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we found statistically significant differences in several salivary proteins, including elevated prolactin-inducible protein, lactotransferrin, Ig kappa chain C region, Ig gamma-1 chain C region, Ig lambda-2 chain C regions, neutrophil elastase, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor and deleted in malignant brain tumors 1. Our results indicate that this is an effective method for identification of salivary protein biomarkers, support the concept that immune system and gastrointestinal disturbances may be present in individuals with ASDs and point toward the need for larger studies in behaviorally-characterized individuals.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

A Pilot Proteomic Analysis of Salivary Biomarkers in Autism Spectrum Disorder

et al. 2015

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“…Abnormal clostridia species have been found repeatedly in ASD (63–67). The theory of clostridia involvement was postulated by Bolte in 1998 who suggested that clostridia toxin adversely affected neurotransmitter function that could result in neurobehavioral changes presenting as autism (68).…”

Section: Abnormalities In Gut Microflora In Asdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuro-Immune Abnormalities in Autism and Their Relationship with the Environment: A Variable Insult Model for Autism

Goyal

Miyan

2014

Front. Endocrinol.

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous condition affecting an individual’s ability to communicate and socialize and often presents with repetitive movements or behaviors. It tends to be severe with less than 10% achieving independent living with a marked variation in the progression of the condition. To date, the literature supports a multifactorial model with the largest, most detailed twin study demonstrating strong environmental contribution to the development of the condition. Here, we present a brief review of the neurological, immunological, and autonomic abnormalities in ASD focusing on the causative roles of environmental agents and abnormal gut microbiota. We present a working hypothesis attempting to bring together the influence of environment on the abnormal neurological, immunological, and neuroimmunological functions and we explain in brief how such pathophysiology can lead to, and/or exacerbate ASD symptomatology. At present, there is a lack of consistent findings relating to the neurobiology of autism. Whilst we postulate such variable findings may reflect the marked heterogeneity in clinical presentation and as such the variable findings may be of pathophysiological relevance, more research into the neurobiology of autism is necessary before establishing a working hypothesis. Both the literature review and hypothesis presented here explore possible neurobiological explanations with an emphasis of environmental etiologies and are presented with this bias.

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“…Gastrointestinal microflora is dysregulated in late onset autistic children [130], leading to alterations of microbial species density and variations of bacterial metabolites in feces and urine [131]. Studies have shown that the Clostridia species is consistently highly represented in feces from autistic children [129, 132]. There is also a greater abundance of Bacteroides and Firmicutes in severe ASD [130, 133].…”

Section: Risk Factors For Neuroinflammation and Autismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroinflammation in Autism: Plausible Role of Maternal Inflammation, Dietary Omega 3, and Microbiota

et al. 2016

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Several genetic causes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been identified. However, more recent work has highlighted that certain environmental exposures early in life may also account for some cases of autism. Environmental insults during pregnancy, such as infection or malnutrition, seem to dramatically impact brain development. Maternal viral or bacterial infections have been characterized as disruptors of brain shaping, even if their underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Poor nutritional diversity, as well as nutrient deficiency, is strongly associated with neurodevelopmental disorders in children. For instance, imbalanced levels of essential fatty acids, and especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), are observed in patients with ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and schizophrenia). Interestingly, PUFAs, and specifically n-3 PUFAs, are powerful immunomodulators that exert anti-inflammatory properties. These prenatal dietary and immunologic factors not only impact the fetal brain, but also affect the microbiota. Recent work suggests that the microbiota could be the missing link between environmental insults in prenatal life and future neurodevelopmental disorders. As both nutrition and inflammation can massively affect the microbiota, we discuss here how understanding the crosstalk between these three actors could provide a promising framework to better elucidate ASD etiology.

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Fecal lactoferrin and Clostridium spp. in stools of autistic children

Cited by 26 publications

References 14 publications

A Pilot Proteomic Analysis of Salivary Biomarkers in Autism Spectrum Disorder

A Pilot Proteomic Analysis of Salivary Biomarkers in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Neuro-Immune Abnormalities in Autism and Their Relationship with the Environment: A Variable Insult Model for Autism

Neuroinflammation in Autism: Plausible Role of Maternal Inflammation, Dietary Omega 3, and Microbiota

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