Fermented papaya preparation modulates the progression of N -methyl- N -nitrosourea induced hepatocellular carcinoma in Balb/c mice

Discovering the health promoting potential of fermented papaya preparation- its future perspectives for the dietary management of oxidative stress during diabetes

“…Circulating malondialdehyde (MDA), a toxic product of lipid perdoxidation, is considered to be indirect tumor promoter and co-carcinogenic agent. In our study, reduced circulating MDA levels ( Figure 4) and simultaneous augmentations in enzymatic SOD (+20%), CAT (+81%) and GPx (+66%) release in FPPsupplemented mice, support similar trends reported in previously in literature [95,6,96,73], however no profound molecular studies have been conducted on FPP to explain how it achieves these patterns. From [96] with permission.…”

“…Since genotoxins like MNU, benzo(a)pyrene, Fe-NTA and H2O2 are documented to attack DNA and distort its stability through two basic pathways either by reaction with a DNA nucleophile or electrophile or by reaction with the pi (π) or C-H bonds located within nucleotides, as evidenced by increased peak intensities at 1190, 1254, 1322, 1405, 1152 and 1463 cm -1 [97], our group utilized Raman laser spectroscopy to detect any structural alterations inflicted by MNU on DNA that were reversed by FPP. Reduction in intensity of peaks at regions nucleotide bases or to the phosphodiester backbone by FPP [96,98], provided us with sufficient evidence that FPP can indeed protect DNA through radical scavenging as proposed in an earlier study by Rimbach et al [8] and Aruoma et al [99] ( Figure 5). Molecular data suggests that FPP reduces the extent of DNA damage by enhancing the activation of ERK, p35 and Akt.…”

“…Results of our study [96] have clearly demonstrated that FPP could simultaneously boost the recovery of the immune defense system, hinder DNA damage, reduce symptoms of ill health associated to aggressive carcinoma and increase the longevity of balb/c mice undoubtedly proved that liver cancer can be managed without any harsh medical intervention. Till date the hepatoprotective effects of FPP have not been explored using this animal model or MNU as a tumorgen, these findings are therefore of great importance to the field of phytochemotherapy.…”

“…Data published in 1995 by a group of Russian researchers were amongst the first to notice a positive effect upon regular oral consumption of FPP in children undergoing radiotherapy [95], in terms of the alleviation of the side effects associated with aggressive radiotherapy. Referring to published findings of our group in the Journal Life Sciences [96], our group used an N-methyl-Nnitrosourea (MNU)-injected balb/c mice model to explore the modulatory effect of FPP against MNUinduced hepatocellular carcinoma. Amongst all doses tested, mice of the 500 mg FPP/kg BW group were found to benefit the most of this treatment.…”

“…cyclin D1) and several transcription factors [73,100]. FPP is also thought to divert hydroxyl radicals away from the π bonds of C5-C6 pyrimidines and N8-N7 or C4-C8 bonds of purines-thus protecting the vulnerable areas of DNA from any major structural alterations [101,96,72].…”