Fern Conservation: Spore, Gametophyte, and Sporophyte Ex Situ Storage, In Vitro Culture, and Cryopreservation

Ballesteros, Daniel; Pence, Valerie C.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75103-0_11

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Lethal ice does not form in germplasm dried to these levels and so freezer storage is widely used with the aim of preserving living germplasm for the long-term (e.g. FAO, 2014; Ballesteros and Pence, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dry architecture: towards the understanding of the variation of longevity in desiccation-tolerant germplasm

Ballesteros

Pritchard

Walters³

2020

Seed Sci. Res.

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Desiccation-tolerant (DT) plant germplasm (i.e. seeds, pollen and spores) survive drying to low moisture contents, when cytoplasm solidifies, forming a glass, and chemical reactions are slowed. DT germplasm may survive for long periods in this state, though inter-specific and intra-specific variation occurs and is not currently explained. Such variability has consequences for agriculture, forestry and biodiversity conservation. Longevity was previously considered in the context of morphological features, cellular constituents or habitat characteristics. We suggest, however, that a biophysical perspective, which considers the molecular organization – or structure – within dried cytoplasm, can provide a more integrated understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that control ageing rates, hence the variation of longevity among species and cell types. Based on biochemical composition and physical–chemical properties of dried materials, we explore three types of the interplay between structural conformations of dried cytoplasm and ageing: (1) cells that lack chlorophyll and contain few storage lipids may exhibit long shelf life, with ageing probably occurring through slow autoxidative processes within the glassy matrix as it relaxes; (2) cells with active chlorophyll may die quickly, possibly because they are prone to oxidative stress promoted by the photosynthetic pigments in the absence of metabolic water and (3) cells that lack chloroplasts but contain high storage lipids may die quickly during storage at −20°C, possibly because lipids crystallize and destabilize the glassy matrix. Understanding the complex variation in structural conformation in space and time may help to design strategies that increase longevity in germplasm with generally poor shelf life.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dry architecture: towards the understanding of the variation of longevity in desiccation-tolerant germplasm

Ballesteros

Pritchard

Walters³

2020

Seed Sci. Res.

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“…Polypodium vulgare L. spores were also germinated up to 7 years at 4 °C [ 28 ]. Although viability decreases as spores age, it can be long preserved at the proper storage temperature [ 29 , 30 , 31 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic Seed Technology Development and Production Studies for Storage, Transport, and Industrialization of Bracken Spores

Jang

Cho

Lee

2020

Plants

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Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw. ex A. Heller) has long been grown industrially in South Korea. Conventional propagation methods, including planting rhizomes and in vitro seedling culture, are labor intensive and expensive, and thus not commercially suitable. We aimed to develop a system to produce synthetic seeds using fern spores (SFS). Synthetic seeds were prepared by mixing bracken spores and alginate matrix. Spore germination and gametophyte and sporophyte growth and development from SFS proceeded normally. Spore density affected gametophyte and sporophyte numbers. SFS prepared using cold (4 °C) long-term storage spores (even 7-year-old spores) could effectively form sporophytes. The highest germination was observed at 25 °C. Soaking-treated SFS successfully formed sporophytes, even after 30 days of storage at 4 °C; indeed, sporophytes formed even after five days of storage at 25 °C during transport conditions. SFS were sown in plug trays for commercial use. Young sporophytes grown from plug seedlings were greenhouse cultivated, and transplanting within eight weeks was effective for root growth and growing-point formation. Developing synthetic seeds is a feasible solution for facilitating efficient transport and the handling of small-sized fern spores; furthermore, this SFS technology provides the basis for fern seedling culture and fern spore industrialization.

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“…# refers only to desiccation tolerant but freezing sensitive seeds. 1 [14][15][16][17], 2 [12,18], 3 [19], 4 [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Diversity Conservation Challenges and Prospects—The Perspective of Botanic Gardens and the Millennium Seed Bank

Breman

Ballesteros

Castillo-Lorenzo

et al. 2021

Plants

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There is a pressing need to conserve plant diversity to prevent extinctions and to enable sustainable use of plant material by current and future generations. Here, we review the contribution that living collections and seed banks based in botanic gardens around the world make to wild plant conservation and to tackling global challenges. We focus in particular on the work of Botanic Gardens Conservation International and the Millennium Seed Bank of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, with its associated global Partnership. The advantages and limitations of conservation of plant diversity as both living material and seed collections are reviewed, and the need for additional research and conservation measures, such as cryopreservation, to enable the long-term conservation of ‘exceptional species’ is discussed. We highlight the importance of networks and sharing access to data and plant material. The skill sets found within botanic gardens and seed banks complement each other and enable the development of integrated conservation (linking in situ and ex situ efforts). Using a number of case studies we demonstrate how botanic gardens and seed banks support integrated conservation and research for agriculture and food security, restoration and reforestation, as well as supporting local livelihoods.

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Fern Conservation: Spore, Gametophyte, and Sporophyte Ex Situ Storage, In Vitro Culture, and Cryopreservation

Cited by 21 publications

References 67 publications

Dry architecture: towards the understanding of the variation of longevity in desiccation-tolerant germplasm

Dry architecture: towards the understanding of the variation of longevity in desiccation-tolerant germplasm

Synthetic Seed Technology Development and Production Studies for Storage, Transport, and Industrialization of Bracken Spores

Plant Diversity Conservation Challenges and Prospects—The Perspective of Botanic Gardens and the Millennium Seed Bank

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