Ferrocene-based hydrazone energetic transition-metal complexes as multifunctional combustion catalysts for the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate

Liu, Xiaoju; Feng, Haitao; Li, Yang; Ma, Xiaoyan; Chen, Fang; Yan, Qi‐Long

doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2022.08.001

Cited by 22 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…These results agree with other authors’ results in evaluating new catalysts for the thermal decomposition of AP 21 , 22 , 36 , 37 , 39 and with the obtention of nanoparticles from precursors derived from ferrocenes. 58 , 59 …”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…On the other hand, despite a large amount of published information on ferrocene derivatives as burn rate catalysts, the decomposition mechanism remains challenging to explain due to its redox complexity. Some efforts have been made through different methods, such as FT-IR in real time, where it is possible to observe the products generated by the thermal decomposition of AP . Until now, the accepted intermediates for the mechanism degradation of AP by ferrocene derivatives are iron oxide nanoparticles, which are formed when the cyclopentadienyl ligand is cleaved from the iron atom and this is oxidized to nano-Fe 2 O 3 in situ, which acts as a newly formed catalyst to catalyze AP’s decomposition further.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some efforts have been made through different methods, such as FT-IR in real time, where it is possible to observe the products generated by the thermal decomposition of AP. 39 Until now, the accepted intermediates for the mechanism degradation of AP by ferrocene derivatives are iron oxide nanoparticles, which are formed when the cyclopentadienyl ligand is cleaved from the iron atom and this is oxidized to nano-Fe 2 O 3 in situ, which acts as a newly formed catalyst to catalyze AP’s decomposition further. However, to our knowledge, no concrete evidence of this formation has been presented.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Mono and Bimetallic Ferrocene-Based 1,2,3-Triazolyl Compounds as Burning Rate Catalysts for Solid Rocket Motor

Valdebenito,

Gaete,

Osorio

et al. 2023

ACS Omega

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We reported mono and bimetallic ferrocene-based 1,2,3-triazolyl compounds as potential burning rate catalysts in their neutral and ionic forms. All complexes reported here were characterized using 1 H and 13 C NMR, elemental analysis, and Mossbauer spectroscopy, which was performed for neutral and oxide compounds. The complexes present quasireversible redox potentials with higher oxidative ability than ferrocene and catocene under the same conditions. The complexes were tested as catalysts on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and examined by a differential scanning calorimetry technique to gain further knowledge about their catalytic behavior. Compound 1 causes a decrease of the high-temperature decomposition (HTD) of AP positively, decreasing the decomposition temperature of AP to 345 °C and consequently increasing the energy release to 1939 J•g −1 . We took the residues from the pans after testing from the DSC to elucidate the underlying reaction pathways. We obtained the size of the nanostructures formed after thermal decomposition of AP determined by the TEM technique. The diameter and size distribution of iron oxide nanoparticles formed depend on the alkyl sidechain of the triazolium ring, which induces the formation of nanoparticles with a double diameter and size distribution compared to their neutral analogues, suggesting that the possible intermediate for the mechanism degradation of AP by ferrocene derivatives is nanoscale Fe 2 O 3 or similar oxides.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Mono and Bimetallic Ferrocene-Based 1,2,3-Triazolyl Compounds as Burning Rate Catalysts for Solid Rocket Motor

Valdebenito,

Gaete,

Osorio

et al. 2023

ACS Omega

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“…Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is considered the most efficient oxidizer for energetic composite propellants (ECPs), which are the primary energy source for solid rocket motors (SRMs), due to its superior reactivity and oxygen content. [1][2][3] The granular size of the AP oxidizer, which accounts for about 60 to 90 percent of the total mass of ECPs, is a determining factor of the ECPs' combustion rate. [4] Thus, AP must fulfill stringent particle size distribution criteria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventing Agglomeration and Enhancing the Energetic Performance of Fine Ammonium Perchlorate through Surface Modification with Hydrophobic Reduced Graphene Oxide

Akbi,

Mekki,

Rafai

et al. 2024

ChemistrySelect

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The combustion rate of energetic composite propellants (ECPs) is adversely affected by the agglomeration of fine ammonium perchlorate (AP), which is the most commonly used oxidizer. To address this issue, this study explores the use of hydrophobic reduced graphene oxide (R‐GO) for surface modification of fine AP particles. An intermittent spray coating technique was used to coat the fine AP particles with graphene oxide (GO) dispersion. Hydrophilic GO was transformed into hydrophobic R‐GO by gentle thermal annealing. Fine AP was then scrutinized for changes in hygroscopicity and thermal decomposition behavior before and after coating with R‐GO. The findings demonstrate that surface modification significantly reduces the hygroscopicity of fine AP, reducing the moisture adsorption rate from 0.28 % to 0.11 % after a 10‐day exposure to ambient humidity. Moreover, this surface modification markedly enhances its energetic performance, doubling the energy release from 717.5 to 1413.5 J ⋅ g−1 when incorporating a 0.3 % mass of R‐GO coating. This study suggests that surface modification of fine AP with R‐GO is a promising strategy for addressing its agglomeration issue and improving its performance in ECPs.

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“…Compared to most reported ferrocene-based materials (Figure 4b), CFc catalyst showed higher ΔEa in the AP thermal decomposition. 5,[27][28][29]…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic combustion of a dendrimer containing ferrocene units with anti‐migration performance on composite propellant

Chen

Wang

et al. 2023

Applied Organom Chemis

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Ferrocene‐based compounds are promising burning rate catalysts due to their attractive catalytic activity, flammability, and non‐toxic performance. Unfortunately, the high‐migration issue of the ferrocene‐based catalysts makes it challenging to store composite solid propellants for a long time. Therefore, a dendrimer containing ferrocene units with anti‐migration ability was designed herein. The introduction of polar groups provides a large number of interaction sites for anti‐migration, and no migration of the dendrimer in the propellant was observed after 4 weeks of the aging test. For catalytic performance, the results showed that the thermal decomposition temperature of ammonium perchlorate could be reduced from 404°C to 369°C by adding 3 wt% ferrocene‐based dendrimer. Moreover, compared with the propellant mixed with Catocene, the propellant containing ferrocene‐based dendrimer showed a lower pressure exponent (0.47) and a higher burning rate (2.03 mm·s−1, at 0.1 MPa).

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Ferrocene-based hydrazone energetic transition-metal complexes as multifunctional combustion catalysts for the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate

Cited by 22 publications

References 44 publications

Evaluation of Mono and Bimetallic Ferrocene-Based 1,2,3-Triazolyl Compounds as Burning Rate Catalysts for Solid Rocket Motor

Evaluation of Mono and Bimetallic Ferrocene-Based 1,2,3-Triazolyl Compounds as Burning Rate Catalysts for Solid Rocket Motor

Preventing Agglomeration and Enhancing the Energetic Performance of Fine Ammonium Perchlorate through Surface Modification with Hydrophobic Reduced Graphene Oxide

Catalytic combustion of a dendrimer containing ferrocene units with anti‐migration performance on composite propellant

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