Ferulic acid-loaded polymeric nanoparticles prepared from nano-emulsion templates facilitate internalisation across the blood–brain barrier in model membranes

Abstract

A hydroxycinnamic acid derivative, namely ferulic acid (FA) has been successfully encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). FA-loaded polymeric NPs were prepared from O/W nano-emulsion templates...

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“…The study showed an EE of 90% at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL and 79% at a concentration of 0.3 mg/mL of FA. In this study, it is possible to observe a lower EE and an increase in particle size at the highest tested concentration of FA, results that are in line with the findings of our own study …”

“…In this study, it is possible to observe a lower EE and an increase in particle size at the highest tested concentration of FA, results that are in line with the findings of our own study. 22 In addition, the pH obtained for the nanoemulsions without FA was close to 6, and that for NE-FA HO and NE-FA MCT ,it was close to 4, probably due to the FA acidic character. It was also observed that the higher the FA concentration incorporated, greater is the tendency to the acidic character of the nanoemulsion.…”

“…Based on the good results obtained for NE-FA MCT (1.5 mg/mL) in the characterization and stability, further studies were chosen to be continued. Additionally, there is no evidence in the literature of any study successfully associating FA with the concentration used in the selected nanoemulsion, and most studies report concentrations of up to 1.0 mg/mL of FA in nanostructured systems and nanoemulsions. ,,− ,,,, …”

“…Additionally, there is no evidence in the literature of any study successfully associating FA with the concentration used in the selected nanoemulsion, and most studies report concentrations of up to 1.0 mg/mL of FA in nanostructured systems and nanoemulsions. 6,19,[22][23][24]26,28,30,56 Furthermore, the sample NE-FA MCT at 1.5 mg/mL was analyzed by atomic force microscopy (Figure 6). The sample showed no aggregation and demonstrated spherical morphology at a submicrometer scale.…”

“…There are some studies that developed FA-loaded nanostructured carriers as nanostructured lipid carriers, ,− polymeric nanocapsules, − and nanoemulsions. , …”