Fetal Period and Birth

Carlson, Bruce M.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-05385-3.50022-2

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…15 Minimal change in renal haemodynamics during pregnancy is likely due to the fetal kidneys having limited true function in-utero as the placenta performs most of the prenatal renal excretory functions and the proportion of cardiac output to the fetal kidneys is low at only 3 to 5%. 1,18 Our study had adequate intraobserver reliability for RI and PI; however, the interobserver reliability was poor for both indices. Few studies have assessed intraand interobserver reliability of the RI and PI of the fetal renal artery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Fetal renal artery blood flow – Normal ranges

et al. 2021

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Introduction The study objectives were to develop standard charts for fetal renal artery blood flow to define normal ranges and to assess the reliability of the measurements. Methods This prospective, longitudinal study reviewed 72 low-risk singleton pregnancies who had serial ultrasound examinations. Pulse wave Doppler was used to obtain the resistivity and pulsatility indices of the fetal renal arteries. Standard charts of the fetal renal arteries were created using mixed effects modelling and the intra- and interobserver reliability for the renal blood flow measurements was analysed. Results Standard charts of the normal ranges of the renal artery resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of the fetal renal arteries were created. The 3rd, 5th, 10th, 50th, 90th, 95th and 97th centiles were calculated. The intraclass correlation coefficient was acceptable for intraobserver reliability (RI = 0.66, PI = 0.88) and poor for interobserver reliability (RI = 0.11, PI = −0.56). Conclusions These novel charts demonstrate the change of the fetal renal artery blood flow during pregnancy. These may be used in clinical practice to detect variations from these normal ranges and be useful in future studies of kidney function projection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Fetal renal artery blood flow – Normal ranges

et al. 2021

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“…Small head circumference is linked with poor developmental and cognitive outcomes in the offspring [3] , [50] , 1 cm increase in head circumference represents11% brain volume at term [51] – [53] . In our study maternal social stress was associated with both smaller infant head circumference and birth length; however, the differences were small.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Interplay of Variants Near LEKR and CCNL1 and Social Stress in Relation to Birth Size

et al. 2012

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BackgroundWe previously identified via a genome wide association study variants near LEKR and CCNL1 and in the ADCY5 genes lead to lower birthweight. Here, we study the impact of these variants and social stress during pregnancy, defined as social adversity and neighborhood disparity, on infant birth size. We aimed to determine whether the addition of genetic variance magnified the observed associations.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe analyzed data from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (n = 5369). Social adversity was defined by young maternal age (<20 years), low maternal education (<11 years), and/or single marital status. Neighborhood social disparity was assessed by discrepancy between neighborhoods relative to personal socio-economic status. These variables are indicative of social and socioeconomic stress, but also of biological risk. The adjusted multiple regression analysis showed smaller birth size in both infants of mothers who experienced social adversity (birthweight by −40.4 g, 95%CI −61.4, −19.5; birth length −0.14 cm, 95%CI −0.23, −0.05; head circumference −0.09 cm 95%CI −0.15, −0.02) and neighborhood disparity (birthweight −28.8 g, 95%CI −47.7, −10.0; birth length −0.12 cm, 95%CI −0.20, −0.05). The birthweight-lowering risk allele (SNP rs900400 near LEKR and CCNL1) magnified this association in an additive manner. However, likely due to sample size restriction, this association was not significant for the SNP rs9883204 in ADCY5. Birth size difference due to social stress was greater in the presence of birthweight-lowering alleles.Conclusions/SignificanceSocial adversity, neighborhood disparity, and genetic variants have independent associations with infant birth size in the mutually adjusted analyses. If the newborn carried a risk allele rs900400 near LEKR/CCNL1, the impact of stress on birth size was stronger. These observations give support to the hypothesis that individuals with genetic or other biological risk are more vulnerable to environmental influences. Our study indicates the need for further research to understand the mechanisms by which genes impact individual vulnerability to environmental insults.

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Immune Ontogeny and Engraftment Receptivity in the Sheep Fetus

Skopal-Chase

Pixley²,

Torabi³

et al. 2009

Fetal Diagn Ther

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Objective: The biologic explanation for fetal receptivity to donor engraftment and subsequent long-term tolerance following transplantation early in gestation is not known. We investigated the role fetal immune ontogeny might play in fetal transplantation tolerance in sheep. Methods: Engraftmentof allogeneic and xenogeneicHSC was determined 60 days following transplantation at different time points in sheep fetal gestation. Parallel analysis of surface differentiation antigen expression on cells from lymphoid organs of timed gestational age fetal sheep was determined by flow cytometry using available reagents. Results: An engraftment window was identified after day 52 gestation lasting until day 71 (term gestation: 145 days). This period was associated with the expression of the leukocyte common antigen CD45 on all cells in the thymus. Double-positive and single-positive CD4 and CD8 cells began appearing in the thymus just prior (day 45 gestation) to the beginning of the engraftment window, while single-positive CD4 or CD8 cells do not begin appearing in peripheral organs until late in the engraftment period, suggesting deletional mechanisms may be operative. In concert, surface IgM-positive cells express CD45 in the thymus at day 45, with a comparable delay in the appearance of IgM/CD45 cells in the periphery until late in the engraftment window. Conclusions: These findings support a central role for the thymus in multilineage immune cell maturation during the period of fetal transplantation receptivity. Further, they suggest that fetal engraftment receptivity is due to gestational age-dependent deletional tolerance.

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Fetal Period and Birth

Cited by 3 publications

References 39 publications

Fetal renal artery blood flow – Normal ranges

Fetal renal artery blood flow – Normal ranges

The Interplay of Variants Near LEKR and CCNL1 and Social Stress in Relation to Birth Size

Immune Ontogeny and Engraftment Receptivity in the Sheep Fetus

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