FGF-9 accelerates epithelial invagination for ectodermal organogenesis in real time bioengineered organ manipulation

Abstract

BackgroundEpithelial invagination is important for initiation of ectodermal organogenesis. Although many factors regulate ectodermal organogenesis, there is not any report about their functions in real-time study. Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS), a non-invasive, real-time surveillance system, had been used to detect changes in organ cell layer thickness through quantitative monitoring of the impedance of a cell-to-microelectrode interface over time. It was shown to be a good method for identifying significant real-time changes of cells. The purpose of this study is to establish a combined bioengineered organ-ECIS model for investigating the real time effects of fibroblast growth factor-9 (FGF-9) on epithelial invagination in bioengineered ectodermal organs. We dissected epithelial and mesenchymal cells from stage E14.5 murine molar tooth germs and identified the real-time effects of FGF-9 on epithelial-mesenchymal interactions using this combined bioengineered organ-ECIS model.ResultsMeasurement of bioengineered ectodermal organ thickness showed that Fibroblast growth factor-9 (FGF-9) accelerates epithelial invagination in reaggregated mesenchymal cell layer within 3 days. Gene expression analysis revealed that FGF-9 stimulates and sustains early Ameloblastin and Amelogenin expression during odontogenesis.ConclusionsThis is the first real-time study to show that, FGF-9 plays an important role in epithelial invagination and initiates ectodermal organogenesis. Based on these findings, we suggest FGF-9 can be applied for further study in ectodermal organ regeneration, and we also proposed that the ‘FGF-BMP balancing system’ is important for manipulating the morphogenesis of ectodermal organs. The combined bioengineered organ-ECIS model is a promising method for ectodermal organ engineering and regeneration research.

Oil body bound oleosin-rhFGF9 fusion protein expressed in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) stimulates hair growth and wound healing in mice

“…FGF9 is secreted by both mesothelial and epithelial cells, and only is expressed in the epithelium. It is involved in the early differentiation of epithelial cell layers, in epithelial invagination and ectodermal organogenesis (ectodermal organs include hair, feathers, scales, teeth, beaks, nails, horns and several eccrine glands) [ 27 , 30 ]. In hair follicles, FGF9 mRNA expression is highest in telogen, at 22 days after depilation, at approximately 300 mRNA copy numbers per cell; FGFR2 and FGFR3 are abundantly expressed in anagen VI (at 18 days), at approximately 10,000 and 28,000 mRNA copy numbers per cell respectively [ 31 ].…”

Tooth Regeneration: Insights from Tooth Development and Spatial-Temporal Control of Bioactive Drug Release

“…The differentiation and function of the dental mesenchyme are regulated by Lhx8 via WNT and TGFβ pathways [23]. FGF9 is also involved in epithelial invagination and initiation of ectodermal organogenesis [24].…”

Hybrid nanocomposites with enhanced visible light photocatalytic ability for next generation of clean energy systems

“…[20] Rhodamine B [53,54] was chosen as the model system to demonstrate high photodegradation efficiency because of its high stability under visible light irradiation and reduced biodegradability. [55] This is especially important in the context of heterogenous photocatalysis being widely used for wastewater treatment, with previous studies being based on either traditional Ti [56] or ZnO [57] catalysts, tantalates [58] or germanates. [59] Further, the focus on rhodamine B is also supported by previous studies that showed that the dye is an active carcinogen, [60] more difficult to remove than other dyes such as methyl orange or methylene blue.…”