Field Evaluation of Paralympic Athletes in Selected Sports

Bernardi, Marco; Guerra, Emanuele; Giacinto, Barbara Di; Cesare, A. Di; Castellano, V.; Bhambhani, Yagesh

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181c67d82

Cited by 97 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…VO 2peak -values as a result of incremental maximal cardiopulmonary arm-cranking, present a close relationship with VO 2 measured during a 5 km simulated race (Bernardi et al 2010). …”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…Forbes et al (2010) reported no differences in VO 2 , but higher values in all other variables in simulated compared to natural conditions. Other studies have used simulated conditions to describe sitskiers' physical fitness and consequently give advice on training and performance (Bernardi et al 2010(Bernardi et al , 2012Bernardi and Schena 2011). An arm cranking ergometer was used to assess both aerobic and anaerobic responses showing high values for VO 2peak , heart rate, and blood lactate (Bernardi et al 2010;Bernardi and Schena 2011), while upper body muscular strength was identified as a key factor for both aerobic and anaerobic capacity (Bernardi et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomechanics of simulated versus natural cross-country sit skiing

Rosso

Gastaldi

Rapp

et al. 2017

Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology

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Biomechanics of simulated versus natural cross-country sit skiing Rosso, Valeria; Gastaldi, L.; Rapp, W.; Lindinger, S.; Vanlandewijck, Y.; Linnamo, Vesa Rosso, V., Gastaldi, L., Rapp, W., Lindinger, S., Vanlandewijck, Y., & Linnamo, V. (2017). Biomechanics of simulated versus natural cross-country sit skiing. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 32, 15-21. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2016.11 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the biomechanics of cross-country sit-skiing in simulated and natural skiing. Thirteen international level athletes participated in a ski ergometer test (simulated conditions) and a test on snow in a ski-tunnel (natural conditions) using their personal sit-ski. Tests in both conditions were performed at individual maximal speed. When comparing the two conditions the main results were: 1) maximal speed in simulated conditions was lower (p<0.05) but correlated well with the natural condition (r=0.79, p<0.001); 2) no differences in pole force variables were found; peak force (r=0.77, p<0.01) and average force (r=0.78, p<0.01) correlated well; 3) recovery time and time to peak did not differ and time to impact correlated with each other (r=0.88, p<0.01); 4) no differences were found in peak electromyography (EMG) and average EMG for Triceps, Pectoralis, and Erector Spinae; Rectus Abdominis did not differ in peak. EMG peak and average EMG of all muscles were correlated between the two conditions (r=0.65-0.94; p<0.05-0.01). Although some differences were observed, this study demonstrated that technical skill proficiency in natural and simulated cross-country skiing is comparable from a force production and muscle activation perspective.3

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“…VO 2peak -values as a result of incremental maximal cardiopulmonary arm-cranking, present a close relationship with VO 2 measured during a 5 km simulated race (Bernardi et al 2010). …”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanics of simulated versus natural cross-country sit skiing

Rosso

Gastaldi

Rapp

et al. 2017

Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology

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“…The findings from the present study are therefore consistent with those, which have been reported in other WT studies of between 65 and 75% of maximum HR on hard courts. [1][2][3][4][5]12 This study is the first to take samples of HR on clay courts; hence, we cannot compare our values with other studies on the same surface. The playing surface has an implication for physiological player responses; in fact, conventional tennis studies show differences in HR between clay courts and hard court.…”

Section: Physiological and Perceptual Demandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4][5] Most of the studies related to the physiological demands of WT conclude that it is a healthy sport. 1, 2,5 WT players have 20 s to rest between points and 90 s between changes of side, 6 the same rule as in conventional tennis. The total time (TT) of a singles WT match is between 50 and 80 min.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11 In this sense, the heart rate (HR) is between 120 and 140 b.p.m., with a 65-75% of maximum HR and a maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) estimation of between 50 and 68%. [1][2][3][4][5]12 There is no information related to other variables such as blood lactate concentration (LA) or rates of perceived exertion (RPE) in game situations.The activity patterns and physiological demands of competition should be used in the exercises to improve the training sessions. 13 There is a lack of information about the LA and RPE in competition…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Match activity and physiological load in wheelchair tennis players: a pilot study

Sánchez-Pay

Luque

Rivas³

2015

Spinal Cord

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Study design: There is a lack of information about the physiological and psychological parameters in competition that shows a comprehensive profile of the demands of the game situation. Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the activity patterns and physiological-perceptual responses (heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentrations (LA) and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE), respectively, during singles wheelchair tennis (WT) matches. Methods: A total of four WT players played three matches each. HR, LA and RPE were measured during each match. An activity pattern analysis was performed during all matches. Furthermore, LA and RPE were compared between service and return games. INTRODUCTIONWheelchair tennis (WT) is an adapted sport. Recent research indicates that a WT match is moderate to high in aerobic fitness. 1-5 Most of the studies related to the physiological demands of WT conclude that it is a healthy sport. 1,2,5 WT players have 20 s to rest between points and 90 s between changes of side, 6 the same rule as in conventional tennis. The total time (TT) of a singles WT match is between 50 and 80 min. [3][4][5]7,8 The intermittent nature of WT, with regular permitted rest times, means that the effective playing time (EPT) is around 15-20% of the TT; this is equivalent to a ratio of work:rest (W:R) time of around 1:1-1:4. 4,7,9 The working time is represented by the rally duration, which typically lasts between 4 and 10 s. 7,9,10 The intermittent nature of the sport in a WT match means that the players have intermittent exercise bouts and a multitude of rest periods over a long duration. 11 In this sense, the heart rate (HR) is between 120 and 140 b.p.m., with a 65-75% of maximum HR and a maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) estimation of between 50 and 68%. [1][2][3][4][5]12 There is no information related to other variables such as blood lactate concentration (LA) or rates of perceived exertion (RPE) in game situations.The activity patterns and physiological demands of competition should be used in the exercises to improve the training sessions. 13 There is a lack of information about the LA and RPE in competition

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Physiologic and Clinical Features of the Paralympic Athlete’s Heart

et al. 2021

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IMPORTANCE Paralympic medicine is a newly adopted term to describe the varied health care issues associated with athletes in the Paralympics. Scarce scientific data, however, are currently available describing the cardiac remodeling in Paralympic athletes. OBJECTIVE To investigate the physiological and clinical characteristics of the Paralympic athlete's heart and derive the normative values. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This is a single-center study on a relatively large cohort of Paralympic athletes, conducted at the Italian Institute of Sport Medicine and Science. Paralympic athletes free of cardiac or systemic pathologic conditions other than their cause of disability were selected for participation in the Paralympic Games from January 2000 to June 2014. Athletes were arbitrarily classified for disability in 2 groups: those with spinal cord injuries (SCI) and those with non-SCI (NSCI). Data analysis occurred from March 2019 to June 2020. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was the difference in cardiac remodeling in Paralympic athletes according to disability type and sports discipline type. Athletes underwent cardiac evaluation, including 12-lead and exercise electrocardiograms, echocardiography, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. RESULTS Among 252 consecutive Paralympic athletes (median [interquartile range (IQR)] age, 34 [29-41] years; 188 men [74.6%]), 110 had SCI and 142 had NSCI. Those with SCI showed a higher prevalence of abnormal electrocardiogram findings than those with NSCI (13 of 110 [11.8%] vs 6 of 142 [4.2%]; P = .003), smaller left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (median [IQR], 48 [46-52] vs 51 [48-54] mm; P = .001) and left ventricular mass index (median [IQR], 80.6 [69-94] vs 91.3 [80-108] g/m 2 ; P = .001), and lower peak oxygen uptake (VO 2 ) (median [IQR], 27.1 [2-34] vs 38.5 [30-47] mL/min/kg; P = .001) in comparison with those with NSCI.Regarding sport discipline, endurance athletes had a larger left ventricular cavity (median [IQR], 52 [47-54] vs 49 [47-53] mm; P = .006) and higher peak VO 2 (median [IQR],[46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55] mL/min/kg; P = .001) than athletes in nonendurance sports.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Cardiac remodeling in Paralympic athletes differed by disability and sport discipline. Having NSCI lesions and engaging in endurance sports were associated with the largest left ventricular cavity and left ventricular mass and highest VO 2 peak. Having SCI lesions and engaging in nonendurance disciplines, on the contrary, were associated with the smallest left ventricular cavity and mass and lowest VO 2 peak.

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Field Evaluation of Paralympic Athletes in Selected Sports

Cited by 97 publications

References 24 publications

Biomechanics of simulated versus natural cross-country sit skiing

Biomechanics of simulated versus natural cross-country sit skiing

Match activity and physiological load in wheelchair tennis players: a pilot study

Physiologic and Clinical Features of the Paralympic Athlete’s Heart

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