“…Vertical processes involve atom transfers between the tip and the surface, voltage pulse or direct tip-surface contact being used for the atom transfers. Adsorbates or native surface atoms can be either permanently extracted by the tip 11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22 or redeposited in another location 23,24,25,26 . This mode has been theoretically studied by several groups 27,28,29,30,31,32,33 .…”