Field, Thermionic, and Secondary Electron Emission Spectroscopy

Modinos, A.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-1448-7

Cited by 434 publications

(215 citation statements)

References 257 publications

(467 reference statements)

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“…Temperature-dependent FE properties of well-aligned LaB 6 nanowire arrays For temperature-dependent FE, the total current density J is given by the simplified F-N equation and the Richardson equation as follows: 21,40 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of vertically aligned single-crystalline lanthanum hexaboride nanowire arrays and investigation of their field emission

Hou

et al. 2013

NPG Asia Mater

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High-quality, uniform, one-dimensional (1D) lanthanum hexaboride (LaB 6 ) nanostructures with different morphologies (for example, sparse or dense nanoneedles, or nanorods and nanowire arrays) were fabricated through an effective, easily controlled, one-step, catalyst-free chemical vapor deposition process. The morphologies, structures and temperature-dependent field emission (FE) properties were systematically investigated. FE measurements at room temperature (RT) showed that LaB 6 nanowire arrays possess the best FE characteristics among all 1D LaB 6 nanostructures, with a low turn-on electric field (E to , 1.82 V lm À1 ), a low threshold electric field (E thr , 2.48 V lm À1 ), a high current (5.66 mA cm À2 at 2.92 V lm À1 ) and good stability (at a testing time of 1000 min, fluctuations were o6.0%). Temperature-dependent FE showed that the turn-on and threshold electric fields decreased from 1.82 to 1.06 and 2.48 to 1.62 V lm À1 , respectively, whereas the emission current density increased significantly from 0.20 to 9.05 mA cm À2 at 2.20 V lm À1 when the temperature was increased from RT to 723 K. The emission current density and the dependence of the effective work function on temperature were also investigated. We attribute the significant reduction of the turn-on and threshold fields and the remarkable increase of emission current to a decrease in the effective work function with temperature.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of vertically aligned single-crystalline lanthanum hexaboride nanowire arrays and investigation of their field emission

Hou

et al. 2013

NPG Asia Mater

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“…c 0 in Modinos (1984), or b F in Jensen (2007)) and decay width (e.g. d in Gadzuk & Plummer (1973) .2), we put P → 1, n → 1, G → bH 3/2 /F and obtain the 'elementary' variants of d and c d as…”

Section: (A) Transmission Coefficientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical treatment of cold field electron emission from a nanowall emitter, including quantum confinement effects

Qin

Wang

et al. 2010

Proc. R. Soc. A.

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An elementary approximate analytical treatment of cold field electron emission (CFE) from a classical nanowall (i.e. a blade-like conducting structure on a flat surface) is presented. This paper first discusses basic CFE theory for situations where quantum confinement occurs transverse to the emitting direction. It develops an abstract CFE equation more general than Fowler-Nordheim type (FN-type) equations, and then applies this to classical nanowalls. With sharp emitters, the field in the tunnelling barrier may diminish rapidly with distance; an expression for the on-axis transmission coefficient for nanowalls is derived by conformal transformation. These two effects interact to generate complex emission physics, and lead to regime-dependent equations different from FNtype equations. Thus: (i) the zero-field barrier height H R for the highest occupied state at 0 K is not equal to the local thermodynamic work-function f, and H R rather than f appears in equations; (ii) in the exponent, the power dependence on macroscopic field F M can be F −2 M rather than F −1 M ; (iii) in the pre-exponential, explicit power dependences on F M and H R differ from FN-type equations. Departures of this general kind are expected when nanoscale quantum confinement occurs. FN-type equations are the equations that apply when no quantum confinement occurs.

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“…10 and 33͒, and the Jason 34 effect in surface field ionization. ͑2͒ In more realistic models 32,35 that include atomic structure, the need to match the wave function in the barrier to an atomic-type wave function, at the outer edge of the atomic bonding well, will influence the value of P. Modinos 36 discussed these effects. ͑3͒ If there is a thin conducting film at the emitter surface, of material different from that of the underlying substrate and of thickness less than the coherence length of electrons approaching it from the substrate, then scattering or resonance-type effects may affect the value of P. The existence of such effects is well established, both theoretically and experimentally ͑e.g., Ref.…”

Section: ͑1͒mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the need for a tunneling pre-factor in Fowler–Nordheim tunneling theory

Forbes

2008

Journal of Applied Physics

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This paper argues that a tunneling prefactor should appear in expressions for the tunneling probability D relevant to cold field electron emission ͑CFE͒ and in Fowler-Nordheim ͑FN͒ type equations. Except in the case of the "ideally smooth" parabolic barrier, a prefactor is always present for barriers where D can be found by exact solution of the Schrödinger equation. A review of the Jeffreys-Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin ͑JWKB͒ approach to solving the Schrödinger equation shows that tunneling barriers should be classified according to whether they are weak or strong and ideally smooth or not: there are four different JWKB-type formulas, depending on the nature of the barrier. CFE tunneling barriers are not ideally smooth but since the 1950s have usually been analyzed using the JWKB formulas for ideally smooth barriers. These analyses, and the standard Murphy-Good FN-type equation, seem mathematically and physically incomplete. The FN-type equations currently used to describe CFE should be revised to explicitly include a tunneling prefactor. Some implications are explored.

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Field, Thermionic, and Secondary Electron Emission Spectroscopy

Cited by 434 publications

References 257 publications

Fabrication of vertically aligned single-crystalline lanthanum hexaboride nanowire arrays and investigation of their field emission

Fabrication of vertically aligned single-crystalline lanthanum hexaboride nanowire arrays and investigation of their field emission

Analytical treatment of cold field electron emission from a nanowall emitter, including quantum confinement effects

On the need for a tunneling pre-factor in Fowler–Nordheim tunneling theory

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