Field trials on the efficacy of the organophosphorus compound azamethiphos for the control of sea lice (Copepoda: Caligidae) infestations of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Roth, Myron; Richards, R. H.; Dobson, D.; Rae, G. H.

doi:10.1016/0044-8486(95)01181-1

Cited by 75 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The organophosphate azamethiphos act through the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity (Roth and Richards, 1992;Roth et al, 1996) and results in overstimulation of the nerve impulses leading to spastic paralysis and death of the sea louse (Denholm et al, 2002;Fallang et al, 2004;Jones et al, 1992). The synthetic pyrethroids (deltamethrin and cypermethrin) by altering the normal operation of the voltage-gated sodium channel by slowing its activation and inactivation kinetics, which results in uncontrolled bursts of action potentials leading to nerve exhaustion and death (Fallang et al, 2005;Narahashi, 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of chemotherapeutic drugs used to control sea lice on the hatching viability of egg strings from Caligus rogercresseyi

et al. 2015

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of chemotherapeutic drugs used to control sea lice on the hatching viability of egg strings from Caligus rogercresseyi

et al. 2015

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“…This is in contrast to the bath treatments currently available. Azamethiphos, an organophosphate bath treatment which was the primary compound used for sea lice infestations in Canada during the study period, is more effective on the adult and pre-adult stages than the chalimus stages (O'Halloran & Hogans 1996, Roth et al 1996. Similarly, hydrogen peroxide, another bath treatment available to farmers, is effective only against these mobile stages (Treasurer & Grant 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…azamethiphos) or hydrogen peroxide are labour intensive and pose a potential health risk to the applicators. Also, these treatments are generally only effective against the mobile stages of lice (Bruno & Raynard 1994, Roth et al 1996. Ivermectin (Ivomec ® , Merck) has, until recently, been the only oral treatment available, although it is not registered for food fish in any jurisdiction and only available using extra-label veterinary prescriptions (Burka et al 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Randomized clinical trial to investigate the effectiveness of teflubenzuron for treating sea lice on Atlantic salmon

Campbell¹,

Hammell²,

Dohoo³

et al. 2006

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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A double-blind, randomized control clinical trial was performed to investigate the effectiveness of teflubenzuron in controlling sea lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis on farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. A total of 40 sea cages from 3 commercial cage sites in Atlantic Canada were used in this Good Clinical Practice (GCP) trial. The teflubenzuron was administered in the feed at a dosage of 10 mg kg -1 biomass d -1 for 7 d. Medicated and control cages were matched by site, cage size, and pre-treatment mean lice counts using cages as the unit of concern. Post-treatment lice counts and staging of developmental stages were performed at 1 and 2 wk after the end of treatment. Chalimus stages in medicated cages were significantly lower than in control cages at 1 wk (79% reduction in mean lice counts, p < 0.001), and at 2 wk (53% reduction, p < 0.001). Mobile (pre-adult and adult) stages were also significantly reduced in medicated cages at 1 wk (69% reduction, p < 0.01), and at 2 wk (40% reduction, p < 0.01) post-treatment, respectively. Teflubenzuron was proven effective for reducing lice burdens on salmon despite the low parasite levels experienced during the trial and the recruitment of lice from the untreated cages. The use of cage as the unit of concern was an important design component of this trial.

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“…Detailed examination of the animal experimental data by independent experts eventually concluded that no measurable cancer hazard can legitimately be associated with exposure to dichlorvos (Mennear 1998), and downgraded its classification toward 'non-classifiable with regard to cancer in man ' (Van Maele-Fabry et al 2000). However, its use is banned in the UK for bath treatments of fish against sea lice infestations (Costello et al 2001), and as it presented reduced efficacy caused by parasite resistance (Jones et al 1992), it has been replaced by other OPs like azamethiphos (Roth et al 1996). This insecticide was also found useful to treat parasite infestations in the European eel (Pretti et al 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased recovery of brain acetylcholinesterase activity in dichlorvos-intoxicated European eels Anguilla anguilla by bath treatment with N-acetylcysteine

Peña-Llopis¹,

Ferrando²,

Jb³

2003

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are widely used as antiparasitic chemicals in finfish aquaculture. However, current antidotes cannot be applied to treat intoxicated fish. We showed in previous studies the importance of glutathione (GSH) metabolism in pesticide resistance of the European eel Anguilla anguilla L. The present work studied the effects of the antioxidant and glutathione pro-drug N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) on the recovery of European eels exposed for 96 h to a sublethal concentration (0.17 mg l -1 ; 20% of its 96 h LC 50 ) of the OP pesticide dichlorvos (2, 2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate; DDVP). This insecticide and acaricide decreased muscular GSH content and increased oxidised glutathione (GSSG), lowering the GSH:GSSG ratio, which is indicative of a condition of oxidative stress. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities in the brain, which were biomarkers of neurotoxicity and oxidative stress, respectively, were also highly inhibited. Recovery in a 0.5 mM (81.6 mg l -1 ) NAC concentration ameliorated muscular GSH depletion, GSH:GSSG ratio, and the inhibition of brain AChE and GR activities. Hence, this is the first evidence of improved recovery of organophosphate-poisoned fish by bath treatments.

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Field trials on the efficacy of the organophosphorus compound azamethiphos for the control of sea lice (Copepoda: Caligidae) infestations of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Cited by 75 publications

References 19 publications

The effect of chemotherapeutic drugs used to control sea lice on the hatching viability of egg strings from Caligus rogercresseyi

The effect of chemotherapeutic drugs used to control sea lice on the hatching viability of egg strings from Caligus rogercresseyi

Randomized clinical trial to investigate the effectiveness of teflubenzuron for treating sea lice on Atlantic salmon

Increased recovery of brain acetylcholinesterase activity in dichlorvos-intoxicated European eels Anguilla anguilla by bath treatment with N-acetylcysteine

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