Fighting the climate crisis in persistently unequal land regimes: Natural protected areas in the Peruvian Amazon

The Distributive Politics of Environmental Protection in Latin America and the Caribbean

“…The rise of different ethnic coalitions is especially salient in Mexico, Central America, and the Andean countries. The ethnic divide is central to explaining outcomes in environmental politics (Armesto et al, 2001;Azócar et al, 2005;Carruthers and Rodriguez, 2009;Gonzalez, 2021;Inoue and Moreira, 2017;Orta-Martínez et al, 2018;Paredes, 2018;Paredes and Kaulard, 2020;Pragier, 2019;Valladares and Boelens, 2017;Wong, 2018;Zaremberg and Wong, 2018). We believe the LACEP literature will continue to catch up with this reality.…”

“…The losers are typically the people directly affected by the projects promoted by large companies and the state. While the former highlight the positive economic and social impacts of their initiatives, the latter deny these benefits and affirm that both their health and their livelihoods and cultural traditions are threatened by them (Alvarado Merino, 2008;Merlinsky, 2013c;Paredes, 2006;Paredes and Kaulard, 2020;Urkidi and Walter, 2011).…”

“…From this perspective, the power relations between winners and losers are essentially asymmetric, since the latter are systematically excluded from decision-making (Carruthers, 2008a;Paredes and Kaulard, 2020). For this reason, some authors highlight that the claim for environmental justice is often accompanied by a claim for procedural justice to the extent that the mobilized actors also demand changes in the governance mechanisms and greater participation in the decisions that affect them (Carruthers, 2008b;Urkidi and Walter, 2011;Walter and Martínez-Alier, 2010;Walter and Urkidi, 2016).…”

“…Given existing asymmetries of power and the exclusion from decisionmaking, some studies seem to reaffirm again and again that the affected populations cannot change the course of policy decisions and are always losers (Acselrad, 2010(Acselrad, , 2008(Acselrad, , 2006Alimonda, 2008Alimonda, , 2006Baver and Lynch, 2006b;Bratman, 2015;Carruthers, 2008a;Paredes and Kaulard, 2020). However, in their study of opposition to open-pit mining, Walter and her coauthors carry out detailed analyses showing under what conditions affected locals can become winners (Urkidi and Walter, 2011;Walter and Martínez-Alier, 2010;Walter and Urkidi, 2016).…”

Convivencia negociada y gobernanza ambiental en áreas naturales protegidas del Perú

“…Actualmente hay cambios en el acercamiento y la relación entre parques y poblaciones con intentos sistemáticos de crear espacios de mayor participación. Estos cambios son impulsados por la oficina de SERNANP en Lima y luego traducidos en una serie de prácticas particulares en cada área protegida (Orihuela 2020;Paredes y Kaulard 2020;Delgado-Pugley 2013). El enfoque de categorías de conservación estricta que enmarcó las primeras olas de parques ha dado paso en la actualidad a las nuevas áreas protegidas con regímenes más inclusivos, pensando en las poblaciones como "aliados de la conservación".…”