Finding a Healthy Balance: Evaluating Models for Change to International Intellectual Property Laws Affecting Global Access to Medicine and Realisation of the Human Right to Health

Abstract

Human rights have been diffused by waves of globalisation that also swell the economic forces of trade liberalisation so that they include diverse multilateral regimes such as the international intellectual property system (TRIPS). This article considers this system and identifi es problems with TRIPS and the way it affects individuals' ability to access medicine and consequently to realise the human right to health. The case studies of India, Thailand and Mozambique demonstrate that the existing TRIPS system is insuffi cient for progressive realisation of the human right to health and enable us to formulate criteria for a better system. The criteria include an ability to balance providing consumers with essential medicine and innovators, often multinational corporations, with incentives, so that they continue to develop medicine to address health needs The article proposes a global taxation body that requires States to contribute to a fund which oversees the distribution of essential medicine by streamlining and enhancing existing aid and research and development projects. It creates a multi-stakeholder forum to facilitate this work and encourages States to work with multi-national corporations. If intergovernmental organisations, Civil Society and the media coordinate to overcome obstacles to the adoption and implementation of this model, it can create a feasible balance between competing interests to develop an intellectual property system which enhances the implementation of the human right to health. Key words: Health, evaluation, intellectual property, human rights, access to medicine ResumenLos derechos humanos han sido difundidos por olas de globalización que también engrosan las fuerzas económicas de la liberalización comercial de manera que incluyen diversos regí-menes multilaterales tales como el sistema internacional de la propiedad intelectual (TRIPS). Este artículo considera dicho sistema e identifi ca problemas con el TRIPS y el modo en cómo afecta la capacidad de los individuos para acceder a la medicina y en consecuencia para darse cuenta del derecho humano a la sanidad. Los casos prácticos de la India, Tailandia y Mozambique demuestran que el sistema de TRIPS existente resulta insufi ciente para la comprensión progresiva del derecho humano a la sanidad y nos permiten formular criterios para un sistema mejor. Dichos criterios incluyen una capacidad para el equilibrio ofreciendo a los consumidores medicina esencial y a los innovadores, a menudo compañías multinacionales, incentivos, de manera que continúen desarrollando la medicina con el fi n de tratar las necesidades sanitarias. El artículo propone un órgano