Finding an effective distance between T-cell and B-cell using S/W ARQ in an immune system communication

Ningthoujam, Sanjit; Chingkheinganba, Tekcham; Chakraborty, Swarnendu Kumar

doi:10.23919/jcc.2020.01.014

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Briefly speaking, it describes the growth of B cells which is from pre-B cells to native B cells. Only native B cells can be interacted with other immune cells [ 13 ]. Then we start to model it.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refinement and Validation of Humoral Immunity Based on Event-B

Shi

Zou

Shu

et al. 2020

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

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By the outbreak of Covid-19, we should focus more eyesight on the human immune system. Humoral immunity plays an important role in the immunologic mechanism. In this process, B cells and other immune cells cooperate each other to produce antibodies and eliminate antigens by series of interactions, activation, proliferation and differentiation. In this paper, we use the formal language Event-B to model the humoral immunity process on the development tool called Rodin. Humoral immunity process is abstract and has complexity in system design. Accidentally, the formal method is used to verify the correctness and consistency of the complex systems, which is an appropriate approach to model this immunity process by stepwise refinements and validation. We also present an instance to demonstrate the differences between the immunity responses after the invasion of influenza viruses and coronavirus respectively in the last refinement and validate it using proof obligations. Experimental results show that events in our model are all validated by the automatic certification tool on Rodin platform.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refinement and Validation of Humoral Immunity Based on Event-B

Shi

Zou

Shu

et al. 2020

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

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“…Variations of this technique send duplicated messages and acknowledgment (ACK) to improve reliability. According to the method, the ACK control message performs multiple tasks, such as triggering the next information in the transmitter, stopping and releasing information molecules, and changing the type of molecule (Felicetti et al, 2017;Ningthoujam et al, 2020). The Reed-Solomon code is one of the few FEC that can detect and correct various random symbol errors by adding verification symbols to data, but they require high energy consumption.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell signaling error control for reliable molecular communications

Borges,

Barros,

Nogueira

2024

Front. Comms. Net.

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Molecular communication (MC) allows implantable devices to communicate using biological data-transmission principles (e.g., molecules as information carriers). However, MC faces significant challenges due to molecular noise, which leads to increased communication errors. Thus, error control techniques become critical for reliable intra-body networks. The noise management and error control in these networks must be based on the characterization of the environment dynamics, i.e., characteristics that increase noise, such as the stochastic behavior of the intercellular channels and the presence of pathologies that affect communication. This work proposes an adaptive error control technique for cell signaling–based MC channels (CELLECs). Using an information-theoretic approach, CELLEC mitigates errors in cellular channels with varying noise conditions. The characteristics of the cellular environment and different noise sources are modeled to evaluate the proposal. The additive white Gaussian tissue noise (AWGTN) produced by stochastic chemical reactions is theorized for healthy cells. The MC model also considers the noise of cells affected by one pathology that disrupts cells’ molecular equilibrium and causes them to become reactive (i.e., Alzheimer’s disease). Analyses show that reactive cells have a higher signal-to-noise ratio (21.4%) and path loss (33.05%) than healthy cells, highlighting the need for an adaptive technique to deal with cellular environment variability. Results show that CELLEC improves communication channel performance by lowering the bit error rate (18%).

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“…Another option was to employ double spikes and have the receiver directly monitor the difference in time between the peak concentrations. Sanjit et al 23 discussed the effective distances between T and B cells in the immune system in order to increase the likelihood of desired molecules being captured.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%