Fine Adjustment of Large Scale Air-Sea Energy Flux Parameterizations by Direct Estimates of Ocean Heat Transport

Isemer, Hans-Jörg; Willebrand, Jürgen; Hasse, Lutz

doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1989)002<1173:faolsa>2.0.co;2

Cited by 75 publications

(66 citation statements)

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“…19), the tropical maximum indicates nearly 10% higher values of the Ekman transport when computed on the basis of wave age. Concerning this comparison, we can note that Boening et al (1991) made experiments with an eddy resolution circulation model forced by Isemer and Hasse (1987) wind stress and Hellerman-Rosenstein (1983) wind stress. They obtained significant differences in the intensity of subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic in two experiments forced by different stresses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, different climatologies of sea-air interactions usually do not provide wind wave variables with some seldom exceptions (Hastenrath and Lamb 1978;Esbensen and Kushnir 1981;Hasse 1985, 1987;Oberhuber 1988;da Silva et al 1994). The U.S. Navy Marine Climatic Atlas of the World (hereafter MCA) (Naval Oceanography Command Detachment 1981) contains wave height charts based on a limited collection of visual observations, restricted primarily to the period from the 1920-1930s to the late 1960s.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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North Atlantic Wind Waves and Wind Stress Fields from Voluntary Observing Ship Data

Gulev¹,

Hasse²

1998

J. Phys. Oceanogr.

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On the basis of the collection of individual marine observations available from the Comprehensive OceanAtmosphere Data Set, major parameters of the sea state were evaluated. Climatological fields of wind waves and swell height and period, as well as significant wave height and resultant period are obtained for the North Atlantic Ocean for the period from 1964 to 1993. Validation of the results against instrumental records from National Data Buoy Center buoys and ocean weather station measurements indicate relatively good agreement for wave height and systematic biases in the visually estimated periods that were corrected. Wave age, which is important for wind stress estimates, was evaluated form wave and wind observations. The climatology of wave age indicates younger waves in winter in the North Atlantic midlatitudes and Tropics. Wave age estimates were applied to the calculations of the wind stress using parameterizations from field experiments. Differences between wave-age-based and traditional estimates are not negligible in wintertime in midlatitudes and Tropics where wave-induced stress contributes from 5% to 15% to the total stress estimates. Importance of the obtained effects for ocean circulation and climate variability is discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

North Atlantic Wind Waves and Wind Stress Fields from Voluntary Observing Ship Data

Gulev¹,

Hasse²

1998

J. Phys. Oceanogr.

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“…They include assimilation of ocean observations [Stammer et al, 2004], inverse procedures [Isemer et al 1989], linear inverse analysis [Grist and Josey, 2003] and variational objective analysis [Yu and Weller, 2007].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the corrections of ERA‐40 surface flux products consistent with the Mediterranean heat and water budgets and the connection between basin surface total heat flux and NAO

2010

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[1] This is a study of heat fluxes and heat budget of the Mediterranean Sea using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 45 year reanalysis data set ERA-40. The simple use of the ERA-40 surface flux components fails to close the budget and, in particular, the shortwave radiation flux is found to be underestimated with respect to observed data by about 10%. The heat flux terms are recomputed and corrected in order to close the heat and freshwater budgets of the Mediterranean basin over the period 1958 to 2001, thus producing a corrected ERA-40 surface flux data set. Various satellite and in situ observational data are used to construct spatially varying corrections to the ERA-40 products needed to compute the air-sea fluxes. The corrected interannual and climatological net surface heat and freshwater fluxes are −7 W/m 2 and −0.64 m/yr, respectively, which are regarded as satisfactorily closing the Mediterranean heat and water budgets. It is also argued that there is an important contribution from large heat losses associated with a few severe winters over the Mediterranean Sea. This is shown to be related to wind regime anomalies, which strongly affect the latent heat of evaporation that is mainly responsible for the interannual modulation of the total heat flux. Furthermore, the surface total heat flux anomaly time series is compared with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, and the result is a positive correlation with ocean warming for positive NAO index periods and ocean cooling associated with negative index periods.Citation: Pettenuzzo, D., W. G. Large, and N. Pinardi (2010), On the corrections of ERA-40 surface flux products consistent with the Mediterranean heat and water budgets and the connection between basin surface total heat flux and NAO, J. Geophys.

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“…(12) for C E and using monthly evaporation fields from ERA-40 reanalysis as well as a T a climatology from ERA-40 and ocean temperatures from the ocean-only simulation. As proposed by Isemer et al (1989), 6.0 3 10 25 # C E # 2.19 3 10 23 . Also, q s (T o ) is the saturation specific humidity at the ocean surface (g water per kg air).…”

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confidence: 98%

A Coupled Dynamical Ocean–Energy Balance Atmosphere Model for Paleoclimate Studies

2011

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The Bern3D coupled three-dimensional dynamical ocean-energy balance atmosphere model is introduced and the atmospheric component is discussed in detail. The model is of reduced complexity, developed to perform extensive sensitivity studies and ensemble simulations extending over several glacial-interglacial cycles. On large space scales, the modern steady state of the model compares well with observations. In a first application, several 800 000-yr simulations with prescribed orbital, greenhouse gas, and ice sheet forcings are performed. The model shows an increase of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation strength at glacial inceptions followed by a decrease throughout the glaciation and ending in a circulation at glacial maxima that is weaker than at present. The sensitivity of ocean temperature to atmospheric temperature, Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), and Antarctic bottom water (AABW) strength is analyzed at 23 locations. In a second application the climate sensitivities of the modern and of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) state are compared. The temperature rise for a doubling of the CO 2 concentration from LGM conditions is 4.38C and thus notably larger than in the modern case (38C). The relaxation time scale is strongly dependent on the response of AABW to the CO 2 change, since it determines the ventilation of the deep Pacific and Indian Ocean.

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Fine Adjustment of Large Scale Air-Sea Energy Flux Parameterizations by Direct Estimates of Ocean Heat Transport

Cited by 75 publications

References 0 publications

North Atlantic Wind Waves and Wind Stress Fields from Voluntary Observing Ship Data

North Atlantic Wind Waves and Wind Stress Fields from Voluntary Observing Ship Data

On the corrections of ERA‐40 surface flux products consistent with the Mediterranean heat and water budgets and the connection between basin surface total heat flux and NAO

A Coupled Dynamical Ocean–Energy Balance Atmosphere Model for Paleoclimate Studies

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