“…Alternatively, optical remote sensing technologies distinguish the oil polluted seawater from clean seawater by their different optical properties (Hu et al, 2021; Otremba, 2000), for example, reflectance, absorption and scattering. Optical remote sensing data of various electromagnetic bands can be utilised to identify oil types (Li et al, 2021; Xie, Li, et al, 2022; Yang et al, 2021) or estimate oil thickness (Kieu & Law, 2022; Lu et al, 2013; Sun et al, 2016).…”