Fine particulate matter and carbon monoxide exposure concentrations in urban street transport microenvironments

Kaur, Swayamjot; Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark; Colvile, R. N.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.02.002

Cited by 390 publications

(268 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…The transport ME has received much attention in environmental exposure studies (Colbeck and Nasir, 2010;Hertel et al, 2001b;Kaur et al, 2007;Knibbs et al, 2011;WHO, 2005a People spend a considerable amount of time, in general 1-1.5 hours per day (WHO, 2005a) in this ME, be it commuting to work or travelling for leisure. As a result, some studies focus on different aspects in the transport ME applying a wide range of monitoring and modelling approaches to gain detailed information about exposure (e.g.…”

Section: Reflect This: Indoor Home Outdoor Home Other Indoor/outdoormentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying human exposure to air pollution—Moving from static monitoring to spatio-temporally resolved personal exposure assessment

Steinle

Reis

Sabel³

2013

Science of The Total Environment

365

231

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Eric. 2013. Quantifying human exposure to air pollution: moving from static monitoring to spatiotemporally resolved personal exposure assessment.Contact CEH NORA team at noraceh@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. AbstractQuantifying human exposure to air pollutants is a challenging task. Ambient concentrations of air pollutants at potentially harmful levels are ubiquitous in urban areas and subject to high spatial and temporal variability. At the same time, every individual has unique activitypatterns. Exposure results from multifaceted relationships and interactions between environmental and human systems, adding complexity to the assessment process. Traditionally, approaches to quantify human exposure have relied on pollutant concentrations from fixed air quality network sites and static population distributions. New developments in sensor technology now enable us to monitor personal exposure to air pollutants directly while people are moving through their activity spaces and varying concentration fields. The literature review on which this paper is based on reflects recent developments in the assessment of human exposure to air pollution. This includes the discussion of methodologies and concepts, and the elaboration of approaches and study designs applied in the field. We identify shortcomings of current approaches and discuss future research needs. We close by proposing a novel conceptual model for the integrated assessment of human exposure to air pollutants taking into account latest technological capabilities and contextual information.

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Section: Reflect This: Indoor Home Outdoor Home Other Indoor/outdoormentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying human exposure to air pollution—Moving from static monitoring to spatio-temporally resolved personal exposure assessment

Steinle

Reis

Sabel³

2013

Science of The Total Environment

365

231

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“…In recent studies, the emphasis has been on fine and ultrafine particulate matter [aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) and < 0.1 µm (UFP), respectively], because these are the main pollutants related to human health effects. Driving or cycling in traffic may result in air pollution exposures that are substantially higher than overall urban background concentrations (Kaur et al 2007). Consequently, even relatively short times spent in traffic may contribute significantly to daily exposures (Beckx et al 2009a(Beckx et al , 2009bFruin et al 2004;Marshall et al 2006;Van Roosbroeck et al 2007).…”

Section: Air Pollution Exposures and Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the 1990s various studies have measured air pollution exposure levels associated with different modes of transport (Kaur et al 2007). In recent studies, the emphasis has been on fine and ultrafine particulate matter [aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) and < 0.1 µm (UFP), respectively], because these are the main pollutants related to human health effects.…”

Section: Air Pollution Exposures and Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do the health benefits of cycling outweigh the risks?

Hartog

Boogaard

Nijland

et al. 2011

Ciênc. saúde coletiva

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Do the Health Benefits of Cycling Outweigh the Risks?Os benefícios à saúde em andar de bicicleta superam os riscos?Resumo Embora uma mudança do uso de carro para bicicleta possa trazer efeitos benéficos para a saúde devido à diminuição da poluição do ar e a um aumento da atividade física, esta mudança também pode trazer efeitos adversos à saúde como exposição à poluição e risco de acidentes de trân-sito, os quais podem superar os benefícios. Nós resumimos a literatura sobre poluição do ar, acidentes de trânsito e atividade física, utilizando revisões sistemáticas suplementadas com estudos recentes. Quantificamos também o impacto na causa de mortalidade se 500 mil pessoas fizessem a transição de carro para bicicleta em viagens curtas diárias na Holanda. Estimamos que os efeitos benéficos do aumento da atividade física são substancialmente maiores do que o efeito potencial da mortalidade por inalação de ar poluído e aumento de acidentes de trânsito. Os benefícios sociais são ainda maiores devido a uma modesta redução na poluição do ar e nos acidentes de trânsito. Em média, os benefícios de saúde devido ao uso da bicicleta são substancialmente maiores do que os riscos relativos a dirigir um carro para pessoas em transição do modo de transporte. Palavras-chave Poluição do ar, Bicicleta, Mudança, Atividade física, Acidentes de trânsito Abstract Although from a societal point of view a modal shift from car to bicycle may have beneficial health effects due to decreased air pollution emissions and increased levels of physical activity, shifts in individual adverse health effects such as higher exposure to air pollution and risk of a traffic accident may prevail. We have summarized the literature for air pollution, traffic accidents, and physical activity using systematic reviews supplemented with recent key studies. We quantified the impact on all-cause mortality when 500,000 people would make a transition from car to bicycle for short trips on a daily basis in the Netherlands. We estimate that beneficial effects of increased physical activity are substantially larger (3-14 months gained) than the potential mortality effect of increased inhaled air pollution doses (0.8-40 days lost) and the increase in traffic accidents (5-9 days lost). Societal benefits are even larger because of a modest reduction in air pollution and traffic accidents. On average, the estimated health benefits of cycling were substantially larger than the risks relative to car driving for individuals shifting their mode of transport.

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“…By contrast, Van Roosbroeck et al, 2007 showed significant spatial differences in schoolchildren's personal exposures to black smoke and NO x (which are also traffic-related), depending on the school's proximity to highways. Finally, Kaur et al (2007) measured personal exposures inside vehicles and concluded that the ''vehicle shell provided no protection to passengers'' and that vehicle occupants experienced higher exposures than either pedestrians or cyclists. These studies thus indicate that personal exposures can vary with proximity to traffic, even if correlated over time.…”

Section: Biomarkers and Personal Exposures It Is Widely Recognizedmentioning

confidence: 99%

On exposure and response relationships for health effects associated with exposure to vehicular traffic

Lipfert

Wyzga

2008

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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This work examines various metrics and models that have been used to estimate long-term health effects of exposure to vehicular traffic. Such health impacts may include effects of air pollution due to emissions of combustion products and from vehicle or roadway wear, of noise, stress, or from socioeconomic effects associated with preferred residential locations. Both categorical and continuous exposure metrics are considered, typically for distances between residences and roadways, or for traffic density or intensity. It appears that continuous measures of exposure tend to yield lower risk estimates that are also more precise than categorical measures based on arbitrary criteria. The selection of appropriate exposure increments to characterize relative risks is also important in comparing pollutants and other agents. Confounding and surrogate variables are also important issues, since studies of traffic proximity or density cannot identify the specific agents related to traffic exposures that might be responsible for the various health endpoints that have been implicated. Studies based on ambient air quality measurements are necessarily restricted to species for which data are available, some of which may be serving as markers for the actual agents of harm. Studies based on modeled air quality are limited by the accuracy of mobile source emission inventories, which may not include poorly maintained (high emitting) vehicles. Additional exposure modeling errors may result from precision limitations of geocoding methods. Studies of the health effects of traffic are progressing from establishing the existence of relationships to describing them in more detail, but effective remedies or control strategies have generally not yet been proposed in the context of these epidemiological studies. Resolution of these dose-response uncertainties is important for the development of effective public health strategies for the future.

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Fine particulate matter and carbon monoxide exposure concentrations in urban street transport microenvironments

Cited by 390 publications

References 82 publications

Quantifying human exposure to air pollution—Moving from static monitoring to spatio-temporally resolved personal exposure assessment

Quantifying human exposure to air pollution—Moving from static monitoring to spatio-temporally resolved personal exposure assessment

Do the health benefits of cycling outweigh the risks?

On exposure and response relationships for health effects associated with exposure to vehicular traffic

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