Fine-scale tracking of wild waterfowl and their impact on highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in the Republic of Korea, 2014–2015

Lee, Kyuyoung; Yu, Daesung; Martínez‐López, Beatriz; Yoon, Hachung; Kang, Sang‐Won; Hong, Seong Keun; Lee, Ilseob; Kang, Yong-Myung; Jeong, Wooseg; Lee, Eunesub

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75698-y

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Fine-scale tracking of wild migratory birds has revealed that wild birds from Northern Russia, Mongolia, and Siberia migrate to South Korea for the winter [35]. In particular, most return to the western and mid-central provinces of South Korea [36]. This high density of wild birds is associated with a higher incidence of AIVs in poultry farms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This high density of wild birds is associated with a higher incidence of AIVs in poultry farms. The risk of HPAI occurrence is 3-8-times higher in poultry farms within waterfowl habitats than in poultry farms outside waterfowl habitats [36]. Therefore, it is important to conduct surveillance of AIVs in wild birds to prevent and/or control outbreaks in poultry farms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic Characteristics of Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Wild Birds in South Korea, 2019–2020

Kim

Lee

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Wild aquatic birds, a natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses (AIVs), transmit AIVs to poultry farms, causing huge economic losses. Therefore, the prevalence and genetic characteristics of AIVs isolated from wild birds in South Korea from October 2019 to March 2020 were investigated and analyzed. Fresh avian fecal samples (3256) were collected by active monitoring of 11 wild bird habitats. Twenty-eight AIVs were isolated. Seven HA and eight NA subtypes were identified. All AIV hosts were Anseriformes species. The HA cleavage site of 20 representative AIVs was encoded by non-multi-basic amino acid sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of the eight segment genes of the AIVs showed that most genes clustered within the Eurasian lineage. However, the HA gene of H10 viruses and NS gene of four viruses clustered within the American lineage, indicating intercontinental reassortment of AIVs. Representative viruses likely to infect mammals were selected and evaluated for pathogenicity in mice. JB21-58 (H5N3), JB42-93 (H9N2), and JB32-81 (H11N2) were isolated from the lungs, but JB31-69 (H11N9) was not isolated from the lungs until the end of the experiment at 14 dpi. None of infected mice showed clinical sign and histopathological change in the lung. In addition, viral antigens were not detected in lungs of all mice at 14 dpi. These data suggest that LPAIVs derived from wild birds are unlikely to be transmitted to mammals. However, because LPAIVs can reportedly infect mammals, including humans, continuous surveillance and monitoring of AIVs are necessary, despite their low pathogenicity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Characteristics of Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Wild Birds in South Korea, 2019–2020

Kim

Lee

et al. 2021

Viruses

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“…Migratory wild birds play a role of natural reservoirs and spread AI between different territories (Cheon et al., 2018; Gaidet et al., 2010; Lisovski et al., 2018). A recent study reported that poultry farms located within wildfowl habitats were more likely to be infected with HPAI in the ROK (K. Lee et al., 2020). To minimize the risk of HPAIv infection in poultry farms, the animal health authorities could systematically organize wild bird surveillance programmes for HPAIv.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal risk assessment for avian influenza outbreak based on the dynamics of habitat suitability for wild birds

Yoo

Lee

Beatriz

et al. 2021

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has predominantly damaged the poultry industry worldwide. The fundamental prevention and control strategy for HPAI includes early detection and timely intervention enforcement through a systematic surveillance system for wild birds based on the ecological understanding of the dynamics of wild birds' movements. Our study aimed to develop a spatiotemporal risk assessment model for avian influenza (AI) infection in wild birds to empower surveillance information for a contingency strategy. For this purpose, first, we predicted the monthly habitat suitability of seven waterfowl species, using 227,671 Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking records of 562 birds from 2014 to 2018 in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Then, that predicted habitat suitability and 421 coordinates of AI detection sites in wild birds were used to build the risk assessment model. Subsequently, we compared the monthly predicted risk of avian influenza virus (AIv) identification in wild birds between case and non-case poultry farms with HPAI H5N6 outbreak in the ROK between 2016 and 2017. The results reported considerable variation of monthly habitat suitability of seven waterfowls and the impact of predicting AI occurrences in wild birds. The high habitat suitability for spot-billed ducks (contribution rate in November = 40.9%) and mallards (contribution rate in January = 34.3%) significantly contributed to predicting the average risk of AIv identification in wild birds, with high predictive performance [the monthly mean of area under the curve (AUC) = 0.978]. Moreover, our model showed that the averaged risk of identification AI in wild birds was significantly higher in HPAI infected premises, with infected domestic duck holdings exhibiting a significantly higher risk than the chicken farms in November. This study suggests that animal health authority establishes a risk-based HPAI surveillance system grounded on the ecological nature of wild birds to improve the effectiveness of prevention and preparedness of emerging epidemics.

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“…Thus, these migratory waterfowl could have contaminated the surrounding areas and caused HPAI outbreaks in the adjacent duck farms. Lee et al [ 29 ] reported that during the HPAI (H5N8) epidemic from 2014 to 2016, an extension of the habitat range of migratory and non-migratory sub-populations of wild migratory waterfowl was related to the highest risk of disease outbreaks. The second phase of the HPAI (H5N8) epidemic began during the autumn migration period of wild migrating waterfowl and resulted in HPAI outbreaks in adjacent duck farms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of inland waters on highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in neighboring poultry farms in South Korea

et al. 2022

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Background Since 2003, the H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype has caused massive economic losses in the poultry industry in South Korea. The role of inland water bodies in avian influenza (AI) outbreaks has not been investigated. Identifying water bodies that facilitate risk pathways leading to the incursion of the HPAI virus (HPAIV) into poultry farms is essential for implementing specific precautionary measures to prevent viral transmission. Objectives This matched case-control study (1:4) examined whether inland waters were associated with a higher risk of AI outbreaks in the neighboring poultry farms. Methods Rivers, irrigation canals, lakes, and ponds were considered inland water bodies. The cases and controls were chosen based on the matching criteria. The nearest possible farms located within a radius of 3 km of the case farms were chosen as the control farms. The poultry farms were selected randomly, and two HPAI epidemics (H5N8 [2014–2016] and H5N6 [2016–2017]) were studied. Conditional logistic regression analysis was applied. Results Statistical analysis revealed that inland waters near poultry farms were significant risk factors for AI outbreaks. The study speculated that freely wandering wild waterfowl and small animals contaminate areas surrounding poultry farms. Conclusions Pet birds and animals raised alongside poultry birds on farm premises may wander easily to nearby waters, potentially increasing the risk of AI infection in poultry farms. Mechanical transmission of the AI virus occurs when poultry farm workers or visitors come into contact with infected water bodies or their surroundings. To prevent AI outbreaks in the future, poultry farms should adopt strict precautions to avoid contact with nearby water bodies and their surroundings.

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Fine-scale tracking of wild waterfowl and their impact on highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in the Republic of Korea, 2014–2015

Cited by 11 publications

References 77 publications

Genetic Characteristics of Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Wild Birds in South Korea, 2019–2020

Genetic Characteristics of Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Wild Birds in South Korea, 2019–2020

Spatiotemporal risk assessment for avian influenza outbreak based on the dynamics of habitat suitability for wild birds

Impact of inland waters on highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in neighboring poultry farms in South Korea

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