Finite Element Analysis and Experimental Validation of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Implications for the Injury Mechanism

Ren, Shuang; Shi, Huijuan; Liu, Zhenlong; Zhang, Jiahao; Li, Hanjun; Huang, Hongshi; Ao, Yingfang

doi:10.3390/bioengineering9100590

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Previous studies using mathematical models that considered the ligament as a single sheet evaluated the stresses on the ligament macroscopically by inputting the mechanical properties measured on the actual excised ligament into the model [ 18 ]. In these cases, the mechanical properties of the ligament could be the average of those of collagen, elastin, and other components of the ligament.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Computer simulations can also be used to predict parameters for which the exact values are not known by comparing them with actual measurements. One pertaining problem is that many simulation studies consider the ligament to be a uniform collagen fibre bundle [ 15 – 17 ] or sheet [ 18 , 19 ], ignoring the mechanical properties of its other major components, elastin, and the interaction between collagen and elastin. Although the content and distribution of elastin have been studied at the molecular level and their unique mechanical properties have been tackled, their anatomical or physiological role in ligaments has not been fully understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Elastin is responsible for the rigidity of the ligament under shear and rotational stress: a mathematical simulation study

Naya

Takanari

2023

J Orthop Surg Res

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Background An accurate understanding of the mechanical response of ligaments is important for preventing their damage and rupture. To date, ligament mechanical responses are being primarily evaluated using simulations. However, many mathematical simulations construct models of uniform fibre bundles or sheets using merely collagen fibres and ignore the mechanical properties of other components such as elastin and crosslinkers. Here, we evaluated the effect of elastin-specific mechanical properties and content on the mechanical response of ligaments to stress using a simple mathematical model. Methods Based on multiphoton microscopic images of porcine knee collateral ligaments, we constructed a simple mathematical simulation model that individually includes the mechanical properties of collagen fibres and elastin (fibre model) and compared with another model that considers the ligament as a single sheet (sheet model). We also evaluated the mechanical response of the fibre model as a function of the elastin content, from 0 to 33.5%. Both ends of the ligament were fixed to a bone, and tensile, shear, and rotational stresses were applied to one of the bones to evaluate the magnitude and distribution of the stress applied to the collagen and elastin at each load. Results Uniform stress was applied to the entire ligament in the sheet model, whereas in the fibre model, strong stress was applied at the junction between collagen fibres and elastin. Even in the same fibre model, as the elastin content increased from 0 to 14.4%, the maximum stress and displacement applied to the collagen fibres during shear stress decreased by 65% and 89%, respectively. The slope of the stress–strain relationship at 14.4% elastin was 6.5 times greater under shear stress than that of the model with 0% elastin. A positive correlation was found between the stress required to rotate the bones at both ends of the ligament at the same angle and elastin content. Conclusions The fibre model, which includes the mechanical properties of elastin, can provide a more precise evaluation of the stress distribution and mechanical response. Elastin is responsible for ligament rigidity during shear and rotational stress.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elastin is responsible for the rigidity of the ligament under shear and rotational stress: a mathematical simulation study

Naya

Takanari

2023

J Orthop Surg Res

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“…The previous studies using mathematical models that considered the ligament as a single sheet have evaluated the stresses on the ligament macroscopically by inputting mechanical properties measured on the actual excised ligament into the model [13]. In these cases, the mechanical properties of the ligament could be an average of collagen, elastin, and other components of the ligament.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, elastin accounts for approximately 10% of the dry weight of the ECM and be thought to give the ligaments extensibility [11,12]. Most studies on the mechanical response of ligaments consider the ligament as a single uniform sheet [13,14] or focus only on collagen bers [15,16], ignoring the mechanical properties of the other major component, elastin, and the interaction between collagen and elastin. In addition, although the mechanical response of collagen bers at the micro level has been studied [17], the mechanical response between collagen and elastin at the submicron level has been little studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elastin is responsible for the rigidity of the ligament under shear and rotational stress: A mathematical simulation study

Naya

Takanari

2023

Preprint

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[Background] It is important to accurately understand the mechanical response of ligaments to prevent damage and rupture. Most mathematical simulation studies consider the ligament as a single uniform sheet or focus only on collagen fibers, ignoring the other major component such as elastin. We evaluated how elastin affects the mechanical response of the ligaments under stresses using a simple mathematical model. [Methods] Based on multiphoton microscopic images of porcine knee collateral ligaments, we constructed a simple mathematical simulation model that individually includes the mechanical properties of collagen fibers and elastin (fiber model) and compared with that considers the ligament as a single sheet (sheet model). We also evaluated the difference in mechanical response in the fiber model depending on the elastin content. [Results] Uniform stress was applied to the entire ligament in the sheet model, while strong stress was applied at the junction of collagen fibers and elastin in the fiber model. In the same fiber model, as elastin content increased, the stress and displacement applied to the collagen fibers during tensile and shear stresses decreased and the slope of the stress-strain relationship increased especially under shear stress. The stress required to rotate the bones at both ends of the ligament by the same angle increased with increasing elastin content. [Conclusions] The fiber model, which included the mechanical properties of elastin, could provide us more precise stress distribution and mechanical response. It was shown that elastin is responsible for the rigidity of the ligaments during shear and rotational stresses.

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“…80 Local variables such as stress-strain can be obtained by implanting pressure sensors in ligaments. 81 Knee prosthesis with sensors also provide data such as joint surface stress. 82 EMG signals enable the activation of muscles and serve as an objective evaluation indicator for muscle models.…”

Section: Model Verificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model Properties and Clinical Application in the Finite Element Analysis of Knee Joint: A Review

Yan,

Liang,

Zhao

et al. 2024

Orthopaedic Surgery

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The knee is the most complex joint in the human body, including bony structures like the femur, tibia, fibula, and patella, and soft tissues like menisci, ligaments, muscles, and tendons. Complex anatomical structures of the knee joint make it difficult to conduct precise biomechanical research and explore the mechanism of movement and injury. The finite element model (FEM), as an important engineering analysis technique, has been widely used in many fields of bioengineering research. The FEM has advantages in the biomechanical analysis of objects with complex structures. Researchers can use this technology to construct a human knee joint model and perform biomechanical analysis on it. At the same time, finite element analysis can effectively evaluate variables such as stress, strain, displacement, and rotation, helping to predict injury mechanisms and optimize surgical techniques, which make up for the shortcomings of traditional biomechanics experimental research. However, few papers introduce what material properties should be selected for each anatomic structure of knee FEM to meet different research purposes. Based on previous finite element studies of the knee joint, this paper summarizes various modeling strategies and applications, serving as a reference for constructing knee joint models and research design.

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Finite Element Analysis and Experimental Validation of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Implications for the Injury Mechanism

Cited by 9 publications

References 42 publications

Elastin is responsible for the rigidity of the ligament under shear and rotational stress: a mathematical simulation study

Elastin is responsible for the rigidity of the ligament under shear and rotational stress: a mathematical simulation study

Elastin is responsible for the rigidity of the ligament under shear and rotational stress: A mathematical simulation study

Model Properties and Clinical Application in the Finite Element Analysis of Knee Joint: A Review

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